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[Cancer Research 47, 3239-3245, June 15, 1987]
© 1987 American Association for Cancer Research

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A Rapid in Vitro Assay for Quantitating the Invasive Potential of Tumor Cells

A. Albini1, Y. Iwamoto, H. K. Kleinman, G. R. Martin, S. A. Aaronson, J. M. Kozlowski and R. N. McEwan

Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Anomalies, National Institute of Dental Research [A. A., Y. I., H. K. K., G. R. M.] and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Division of Cancer Etiology, National Cancer Institute [S. A. A.] Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611 [J. M. K.]; and The Upjohn Co., Molecular Biology Research, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001 [R. N. M.]

We have reconstituted a matrix of basement membrane onto a filter in a Boyden chamber and assessed the ability of various malignant and nonmalignant cells to penetrate through the coated filter. Cells from all the malignant cell lines tested were able to cross the matrix in 5–6 h, whereas human fibroblasts as well as mouse 3T3 and 10T1/2 cell lines, which are not tumorigenic, were not invasive. In addition, normal primary prostate epithelial cells and benign prostatic hyperplasia cells were not invasive when tested in this assay, whereas malignant prostate carcinoma cells were highly invasive. Parallel experiments with these prostatic cells using the intrasplenic assay for metastasis detection in the nude mouse confirmed the benign behavior of the former cells and the metastatic phenotype of the latter ones. These results suggest that this in vitro test allows the rapid and quantitative assessment of invasiveness and a means to screen for drugs which alter the invasive phenotype of tumor cells.

1 Permanent address: Istituto Scientifico Tumori, 16132 Genova, Italy.

Received 7/21/86. Revised 10/23/86. Revised 2/ 2/87. Accepted 3/13/87.




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The neurotrophin receptor TrkB cooperates with c-Met in enhancing neuroblastoma invasiveness
Carcinogenesis, December 1, 2005; 26(12): 2105 - 2115.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol Cancer ResHome page
V. Y. Shin, W. K.K. Wu, K.-M. Chu, H. P.S. Wong, E. K.Y. Lam, E. K.K. Tai, M. W.L. Koo, and C.-H. Cho
Nicotine Induces Cyclooxygenase-2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 in Association with Tumor-Associated Invasion and Angiogenesis in Gastric Cancer
Mol. Cancer Res., November 1, 2005; 3(11): 607 - 615.
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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
F. M. Johnson, B. Saigal, M. Talpaz, and N. J. Donato
Dasatinib (BMS-354825) Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Suppresses Invasion and Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells
Clin. Cancer Res., October 1, 2005; 11(19): 6924 - 6932.
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Cancer Res.Home page
J. E. Koblinski, B. R. Kaplan-Singer, S. J. VanOsdol, M. Wu, J. A. Engbring, S. Wang, C. M. Goldsmith, J. T. Piper, J. G. Vostal, J. F. Harms, et al.
Endogenous Osteonectin/SPARC/BM-40 Expression Inhibits MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Metastasis
Cancer Res., August 15, 2005; 65(16): 7370 - 7377.
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Mol Cancer ResHome page
H. Nakagawa, K. Yoshioka, E. Miyahara, Y. Fukushima, M. Tamura, and K. Itoh
Intrathecal Administration of Y-27632, a Specific Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitor, for Rat Neoplastic Meningitis
Mol. Cancer Res., August 1, 2005; 3(8): 425 - 433.
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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. Gonzalez-Gronow, U. K. Misra, G. Gawdi, and S. V. Pizzo
Association of Plasminogen with Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV and Na+/H+ Exchanger Isoform NHE3 Regulates Invasion of Human 1-LN Prostate Tumor Cells
J. Biol. Chem., July 22, 2005; 280(29): 27173 - 27178.
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Cancer Res.Home page
S. Goodison, J. Yuan, D. Sloan, R. Kim, C. Li, N. C. Popescu, and V. Urquidi
The RhoGAP Protein DLC-1 Functions as a Metastasis Suppressor in Breast Cancer Cells
Cancer Res., July 15, 2005; 65(14): 6042 - 6053.
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Cancer Res.Home page
G. Narla, A. DiFeo, S. Yao, A. Banno, E. Hod, H. L. Reeves, R. F. Qiao, O. Camacho-Vanegas, A. Levine, A. Kirschenbaum, et al.
Targeted Inhibition of the KLF6 Splice Variant, KLF6 SV1, Suppresses Prostate Cancer Cell Growth and Spread
Cancer Res., July 1, 2005; 65(13): 5761 - 5768.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Sci SignalHome page
W. Gu, T. Pellegrino, W. J. Parak, R. Boudreau, M. A. Le Gros, D. Gerion, A. P. Alivisatos, and C. A. Larabell
Quantum Dot-Based Cell Motility Assay
Sci. Signal., June 28, 2005; 2005(290): pl5 - pl5.
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N. Ferrari, U. Pfeffer, R. Dell'Eva, C. Ambrosini, D. M. Noonan, and A. Albini
The Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Family Members Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 and Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 as Mediators of the Antiangiogenic Activity of N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Retinamide
Clin. Cancer Res., June 15, 2005; 11(12): 4610 - 4619.
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A. Mazzocca, R. Coppari, R. De Franco, J.-Y. Cho, T. A. Libermann, M. Pinzani, and A. Toker
A Secreted Form of ADAM9 Promotes Carcinoma Invasion through Tumor-Stromal Interactions
Cancer Res., June 1, 2005; 65(11): 4728 - 4738.
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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
E. Y. M. Sum, D. Segara, B. Duscio, M. L. Bath, A. S. Field, R. L. Sutherland, G. J. Lindeman, and J. E. Visvader
Overexpression of LMO4 induces mammary hyperplasia, promotes cell invasion, and is a predictor of poor outcome in breast cancer
PNAS, May 24, 2005; 102(21): 7659 - 7664.
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A. Baldi, D. Lombardi, P. Russo, E. Palescandolo, A. De Luca, D. Santini, F. Baldi, L. Rossiello, M. L. Dell'Anna, A. Mastrofrancesco, et al.
Ferritin Contributes to Melanoma Progression by Modulating Cell Growth and Sensitivity to Oxidative Stress
Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2005; 11(9): 3175 - 3183.
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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
M. Ueda, Y.-C. Hung, Y. Terai, K. Kanda, M. Kanemura, H. Futakuchi, H. Yamaguchi, D. Akise, M. Yasuda, and M. Ueki
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Expression and Invasive Phenotype in Ovarian Carcinomas
Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2005; 11(9): 3225 - 3232.
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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y. Takada, Y. Kobayashi, and B. B. Aggarwal
Evodiamine Abolishes Constitutive and Inducible NF-{kappa}B Activation by Inhibiting I{kappa}B{alpha} Kinase Activation, Thereby Suppressing NF-{kappa}B-regulated Antiapoptotic and Metastatic Gene Expression, Up-regulating Apoptosis, and Inhibiting Invasion
J. Biol. Chem., April 29, 2005; 280(17): 17203 - 17212.
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Am. J. Pathol.Home page
E. Zcharia, D. Philp, E. Edovitsky, H. Aingorn, S. Metzger, H. K. Kleinman, I. Vlodavsky, and M. Elkin
Heparanase Regulates Murine Hair Growth
Am. J. Pathol., April 1, 2005; 166(4): 999 - 1008.
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X. Zhu, J. Jiang, H. Shen, H. Wang, H. Zong, Z. Li, Y. Yang, Z. Niu, W. Liu, X. Chen, et al.
Elevated {beta}1,4-Galactosyltransferase I in Highly Metastatic Human Lung Cancer Cells: IDENTIFICATION OF E1AF AS IMPORTANT TRANSCRIPTION ACTIVATOR
J. Biol. Chem., April 1, 2005; 280(13): 12503 - 12516.
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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
T. Iwai, T. Kudo, R. Kawamoto, T. Kubota, A. Togayachi, T. Hiruma, T. Okada, T. Kawamoto, K. Morozumi, and H. Narimatsu
Core 3 synthase is down-regulated in colon carcinoma and profoundly suppresses the metastatic potential of carcinoma cells
PNAS, March 22, 2005; 102(12): 4572 - 4577.
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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. Ferruzzi, E. Ceni, M. Tarocchi, C. Grappone, S. Milani, A. Galli, G. Fiorelli, M. Serio, and M. Mannelli
Thiazolidinediones Inhibit Growth and Invasiveness of the Human Adrenocortical Cancer Cell Line H295R
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2005; 90(3): 1332 - 1339.
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Cancer Res.Home page
A. Ghosh, X. Wang, E. Klein, and W. D.W. Heston
Novel Role of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen in Suppressing Prostate Cancer Invasiveness
Cancer Res., February 1, 2005; 65(3): 727 - 731.
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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Hatzoglou, M. Kampa, C. Kogia, I. Charalampopoulos, P. A. Theodoropoulos, P. Anezinis, C. Dambaki, E. A. Papakonstanti, E. N. Stathopoulos, C. Stournaras, et al.
Membrane Androgen Receptor Activation Induces Apoptotic Regression of Human Prostate Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2005; 90(2): 893 - 903.
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J. Cell Sci.Home page
S. Parrinello, J.-P. Coppe, A. Krtolica, and J. Campisi
Stromal-epithelial interactions in aging and cancer: senescent fibroblasts alter epithelial cell differentiation
J. Cell Sci., February 1, 2005; 118(3): 485 - 496.
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S. Karmakar, R. Dhar, and C. Das
Inhibition of Cytotrophoblastic (JEG-3) Cell Invasion by Interleukin 12 Involves an Interferon {gamma}-mediated Pathway
J. Biol. Chem., December 31, 2004; 279(53): 55297 - 55307.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
L. Xu and X. Deng
Tobacco-specific Nitrosamine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone Induces Phosphorylation of {micro}- and m-Calpain in Association with Increased Secretion, Cell Migration, and Invasion
J. Biol. Chem., December 17, 2004; 279(51): 53683 - 53690.
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T. M. Williams, F. Medina, I. Badano, R. B. Hazan, J. Hutchinson, W. J. Muller, N. G. Chopra, P. E. Scherer, R. G. Pestell, and M. P. Lisanti
Caveolin-1 Gene Disruption Promotes Mammary Tumorigenesis and Dramatically Enhances Lung Metastasis in Vivo: ROLE OF CAV-1 IN CELL INVASIVENESS AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE (MMP-2/9) SECRETION
J. Biol. Chem., December 3, 2004; 279(49): 51630 - 51646.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Endocr Relat CancerHome page
H E Jones, L Goddard, J M W Gee, S Hiscox, M Rubini, D Barrow, J M Knowlden, S Williams, A E Wakeling, and R I Nicholson
Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signalling and acquired resistance to gefitinib (ZD1839; Iressa) in human breast and prostate cancer cells
Endocr. Relat. Cancer, December 1, 2004; 11(4): 793 - 814.
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S. Chen, M. Cho, K. Karlsberg, D. Zhou, and Y.-C. Yuan
Biochemical and Biological Characterization of a Novel Anti-aromatase Coumarin Derivative
J. Biol. Chem., November 12, 2004; 279(46): 48071 - 48078.
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F. Spinella, L. Rosano, V. Di Castro, P. G. Natali, and A. Bagnato
Endothelin-1-induced Prostaglandin E2-EP2, EP4 Signaling Regulates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production and Ovarian Carcinoma Cell Invasion
J. Biol. Chem., November 5, 2004; 279(45): 46700 - 46705.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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GutHome page
A Galli, E Ceni, D W Crabb, T Mello, R Salzano, C Grappone, S Milani, E Surrenti, C Surrenti, and A Casini
Antidiabetic thiazolidinediones inhibit invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells via PPAR{gamma} independent mechanisms
Gut, November 1, 2004; 53(11): 1688 - 1697.
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Cancer Res.Home page
B. Zhou, L. Liu, M. Reddivari, and X. A. Zhang
The Palmitoylation of Metastasis Suppressor KAI1/CD82 Is Important for Its Motility- and Invasiveness-Inhibitory Activity
Cancer Res., October 15, 2004; 64(20): 7455 - 7463.
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N. Yoshizuka, R. Moriuchi, T. Mori, K. Yamada, S. Hasegawa, T. Maeda, T. Shimada, Y. Yamada, S. Kamihira, M. Tomonaga, et al.
An Alternative Transcript Derived from the Trio Locus Encodes a Guanosine Nucleotide Exchange Factor with Mouse Cell-transforming Potential
J. Biol. Chem., October 15, 2004; 279(42): 43998 - 44004.
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M.-R. Shen, A.-C. Lin, Y.-M. Hsu, T.-J. Chang, M.-J. Tang, S. L. Alper, J. C. Ellory, and C.-Y. Chou
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Stimulates KCl Cotransport, Which Is Necessary for Invasion and Proliferation of Cervical Cancer and Ovarian Cancer Cells
J. Biol. Chem., September 17, 2004; 279(38): 40017 - 40025.
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Cancer Res.Home page
M. Hecht, M. Papoutsi, H. D. Tran, J. Wilting, and L. Schweigerer
Hepatocyte Growth Factor/c-Met Signaling Promotes the Progression of Experimental Human Neuroblastomas
Cancer Res., September 1, 2004; 64(17): 6109 - 6118.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
K. Ishida, G. Hirai, K. Murakami, T. Teruya, S. Simizu, M. Sodeoka, and H. Osada
Structure-based design of a selective heparanase inhibitor as an antimetastatic agent
Mol. Cancer Ther., September 1, 2004; 3(9): 1069 - 1077.
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Circ. Res.Home page
J. S. Yao, Y. Chen, W. Zhai, K. Xu, W. L. Young, and G.-Y. Yang
Minocycline Exerts Multiple Inhibitory Effects on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Smooth Muscle Cell Migration: The Role of ERK1/2, PI3K, and Matrix Metalloproteinases
Circ. Res., August 20, 2004; 95(4): 364 - 371.
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JNCI J Natl Cancer InstHome page
E. Edovitsky, M. Elkin, E. Zcharia, T. Peretz, and I. Vlodavsky
Heparanase Gene Silencing, Tumor Invasiveness, Angiogenesis, and Metastasis
J Natl Cancer Inst, August 18, 2004; 96(16): 1219 - 1230.
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Cancer Res.Home page
W. A. Osta, Y. Chen, K. Mikhitarian, M. Mitas, M. Salem, Y. A. Hannun, D. J. Cole, and W. E. Gillanders
EpCAM Is Overexpressed in Breast Cancer and Is a Potential Target for Breast Cancer Gene Therapy
Cancer Res., August 15, 2004; 64(16): 5818 - 5824.
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Cancer Res.Home page
R. Aalinkeel, M. P. N. Nair, G. Sufrin, S. D. Mahajan, K. C. Chadha, R. P. Chawda, and S. A. Schwartz
Gene Expression of Angiogenic Factors Correlates with Metastatic Potential of Prostate Cancer Cells
Cancer Res., August 1, 2004; 64(15): 5311 - 5321.
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Am. J. Pathol.Home page
H. Nakanishi, K. Yoshioka, S. Joyama, N. Araki, A. Myoui, S. Ishiguro, T. Ueda, H. Yoshikawa, and K. Itoh
Interleukin-6/Soluble Interleukin-6 Receptor Signaling Attenuates Proliferation and Invasion, and Induces Morphological Changes of a Newly Established Pleomorphic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Cell Line
Am. J. Pathol., August 1, 2004; 165(2): 471 - 480.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]




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