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Novel Synthesis and in Vitro Characterization of Disulfide-linked Ricin-Monoclonal Antibody Conjugates Devoid of Galactose Binding Activity¹

Research Centre for Cancer and Transplantation, Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia

The use of tumor immunotherapy using whole ricin-antibody conjugates is complicated by the nonspecific lectin activity of the ricin B-chain which leads to toxic side effects. A novel method of coupling whole intact ricin to monoclonal antibody (MoAb) is described herein, where the nonspecific binding of the ricin B-chain is blocked. The coupling was done using the bifunctional reagents S-acetylmercaptosuccinic anhydride for antibody and succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate for ricin, and this resulted in the loss of B-chain binding activity, while impairing neither the toxic potential of the A-chain nor the activity of the MoAb. The purified immunotoxins could not bind to lactose-Sepharose and were equally cytotoxic in vitro to MoAb-reactive cell lines in the presence or absence of lactose. The coupling method was suitable for six different ricin-antibody conjugates and also using ricin deglycosylated by treatment with periodate. However, the blocking of the ricin B-chain was only effective with whole IgG molecules as F(ab')₂-ricin immunotoxins could, like ricin, bind to lactose-Sepharose. Ricin-antibody conjugates reduced the [³H]leucine incorporation of appropriate target cells by 50% at a concentration of 6 to 45 ng/ml, whereas nonreactive antibody immunotoxins were not toxic to the target cells at concentrations as high as 10⁴ ng/ml. The specific cytotoxicity of these immunotoxins could be inhibited by the addition of unconjugated reactive MoAb; the presence of lactose or a nonreactive MoAb did not significantly affect the observed cytotoxicity. Thus, whole ricin-antibody conjugates produced in this way do not bind nonspecifically to target cells, the most important implication being that such immunotoxins should be more potent than ricin A-chain conjugates and capable of being used in vivo.

¹ A preliminary report of this study was presented at the UCLA Symposium on Membrane-mediated Cytoxicity, Park City, UT, March 1986.

² To whom requests for reprints should be addressed.

Received 10/ 1/87. Revised 1/14/88. Revised 4/14/88. Accepted 5/20/88.