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Characterization of the Major Metabolites of Flavone Acetic Acid and Comparison of Their Disposition in Humans and Mice¹

Medical Oncology Unit, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland [J. C., S. E., J. F. S.]; Clinical Oncology Unit, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, England [J. A. D., M. C. B.]; Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 4EF, England [P. F.]; and Cancer Research Campaign, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9LX, Scotland [D. J. K., S. B. K.]

Flavone acetic acid represents a novel chemical structure currently undergoing clinical investigation. Broad spectrum activity has been observed in preclinical animal screens, but at doses close to toxic in mice. Phase I clinical trials have established that equivalent plasma drug levels can be achieved in humans, but to date Phase II trials have not demonstrated significant activity in a range of tumor types. Little is known about the drug's biotransformation, although metabolites have been implicated in proposed mechanisms of action. In this paper, we have purified the two major human metabolites present in urine (also the only two metabolites detected in plasma) and characterized their structure, chemical properties, activity, and pharmacokinetics. Metabolite 1 (M1) was a glucuronide conjugated to the 8-acetic acid grouping (M_r 456), was chemically labile, and showed a strong tendency to undergo chemical rearrangement at mildly alkaline pH. Metabolite 2 (M2) was also a glucuronide (M_r 456) but appeared to be an unusual isomer of M1. Both were noncytotoxic. In patients, biotransformation represented the predominant mechanism of drug clearance with as much as 80% of a low dose (0.5 g/m²) recovered in urine as M1 and M2 after only 6 h. At high dose (4.8 to 8.6 g/m², 1- to 6-h infusion) the appearance of peak concentrations of metabolites in plasma and urine was delayed, apparently due to saturation of glucuronidation pathways. This resulted in an overall reduction in drug clearance by 3- to 4-fold. Mice cleared flavone acetic acid much more slowly than patients (289 ml/h/m² after 600 mg/m² i.p. versus 2.3 liters/h/m² after 4.8 g/m²-1-h i.v. infusion) without producing M1 or M2. A different metabolite, exhibiting characteristics of a conjugate, was detected at low concentrations in plasma, tissues, and tumor. Extensive metabolism to inactive products followed by their rapid clearance may contribute to the lack of activity so far seen in humans.

¹ Part of this work has already appeared in abstract form (23).

² To whom requests for reprints should be addressed.

Received 8/30/88. Revised 3/22/89. Accepted 3/29/89.

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