| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
C.R.C. Department of Medical Oncology, University of Glasgow, 1 Horselethill Road, Glasgow G12 9LX, United Kingdom
The tetrazolium dye, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), is reduced by live but not dead cells, and this reaction is used as the end point in a rapid drug-screening assay. It can also be used for accurate determinations of drug sensitivity but only if a quantitative relationship is established between cell number and MTT-formazan production. We have shown that reduction of MTT to MTT-formazan by cells is dependent on the amount of MTT in the incubation medium. The concentration required to give maximal MTT-formazan production differs widely between cell lines. The absorption spectrum of MTT-formazan varies with cell number and with pH. At a low cell density or a high pH, the absorption maximum is at a wavelength of 560 to 570 nm. However, at a high cell density or a low pH, there are two absorption maxima; one at 510 nm and a second at about 570 nm. Measurements of absorbance at 570 nm underestimate MTT-formazan production and, hence, cell number at high cell densities. This error can result in a 10-fold underestimation of chemosensitivity. Addition of a buffer at pH 10.5 to the solubilized MTT-formazan product can overcome the effects of both cell density and culture medium on the absorption spectrum. Provided that sufficient MTT is used and the pH of the MTT-formazan product is controlled, dye reduction can be used to estimate cell numbers in a simple chemosensitivity assay the results of which agree well with a commonly used clonogenic assay.
1 This work was supported by a grant from the British Cancer Research Campaign.
2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed.
Received 2/21/89. Accepted 5/17/89.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  F. Sanchez-Sanchez, F. Martinez-Redondo, J. D. Aroca-Aguilar, M. Coca-Prados, and J. Escribano Characterization of the Intracellular Proteolytic Cleavage of Myocilin and Identification of Calpain II as a Myocilin-processing Protease J. Biol. Chem., September 21, 2007; 282(38): 27810 - 27824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Serrels, I. R.J. Macpherson, T.R. J. Evans, F. Y. Lee, E. A. Clark, O. J. Sansom, G. H. Ashton, M. C. Frame, and V. G. Brunton Identification of potential biomarkers for measuring inhibition of Src kinase activity in colon cancer cells following treatment with dasatinib Mol. Cancer Ther., December 1, 2006; 5(12): 3014 - 3022. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Qi and M. Ratnam Synergistic Induction of Folate Receptor {beta} by All-Trans Retinoic Acid and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Cells: Mechanism and Utility in Enhancing Selective Growth Inhibition by Antifolates Cancer Res., June 1, 2006; 66(11): 5875 - 5882. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-I Chao, S.-H. Hsu, and T.-C. Tsou Depletion of Securin Increases Arsenite-Induced Chromosome Instability and Apoptosis via a p53-Independent Pathway Toxicol. Sci., March 1, 2006; 90(1): 73 - 86. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-I Chao and H.-F. Liu The Blockage of Survivin and Securin Expression Increases the Cytochalasin B-Induced Cell Death and Growth Inhibition in Human Cancer Cells Mol. Pharmacol., January 1, 2006; 69(1): 154 - 164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Wang, J. Cassidy, V. O'Brien, K. M. Ryan, and E. Collie-Duguid Mechanistic and Predictive Profiling of 5-Fluorouracil Resistance in Human Cancer Cells Cancer Res., November 15, 2004; 64(22): 8167 - 8176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Gourdeau, L. Leblond, B. Hamelin, K. Dong, F. Ouellet, C. Boudreau, D. Custeau, A. Richard, M.-J. Gilbert, and J. Jolivet Species Differences in Troxacitabine Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Implications for Clinical Development Clin. Cancer Res., November 15, 2004; 10(22): 7692 - 7702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kasibhatla, H. Gourdeau, K. Meerovitch, J. Drewe, S. Reddy, L. Qiu, H. Zhang, F. Bergeron, D. Bouffard, Q. Yang, et al. Discovery and mechanism of action of a novel series of apoptosis inducers with potential vascular targeting activity Mol. Cancer Ther., November 1, 2004; 3(11): 1365 - 1374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Rocchi, A. So, S. Kojima, M. Signaevsky, E. Beraldi, L. Fazli, A. Hurtado-coll, K. Yamanaka, and M. Gleave Heat Shock Protein 27 Increases after Androgen Ablation and Plays a Cytoprotective Role in Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer Cancer Res., September 15, 2004; 64(18): 6595 - 6602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-I Chao, P.-C. Kuo, and T.-S. Hsu Down-regulation of Survivin in Nitric Oxide-induced Cell Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis of the Human Lung Carcinoma Cells J. Biol. Chem., May 7, 2004; 279(19): 20267 - 20276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Busto, A. V. Schally, J. L. Varga, M. O. Garcia-Fernandez, K. Groot, P. Armatis, and K. Szepeshazi The expression of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and splice variants of its receptor in human gastroenteropancreatic carcinomas PNAS, September 3, 2002; 99(18): 11866 - 11871. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Nishimura, J. Tamaoki, K. Isono, K. Aoshiba, and A. Nagai {beta}-adrenergic receptor-mediated growth of human airway epithelial cell lines Eur. Respir. J., August 1, 2002; 20(2): 353 - 358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Mishima, Y. Matsumoto-Mishima, Y. Terui, M. Katsuyama, M. Yamada, M. Mori, Y. Ishizaka, K. Ikeda, J.-i. Watanabe, N. Mizunuma, et al. Leukemic Cell-Surface CD13/Aminopeptidase N and Resistance to Apoptosis Mediated by Endothelial Cells J Natl Cancer Inst, July 3, 2002; 94(13): 1020 - 1028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Leblond, G. Attardo, B. Hamelin, D. Y. Bouffard, N. Nguyen-Ba, and H. Gourdeau BCH-1868 [(-)-2-R-dihydroxyphosphinoyl-5-(S)-(guanin-9'-yl-methyl) tetrahydrofuran]: A Cyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate with Antitumor Activity Mol. Cancer Ther., July 1, 2002; 1(9): 737 - 746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L'H. Ouafik, S. Sauze, F. Boudouresque, O. Chinot, C. Delfino, F. Fina, V. Vuaroqueaux, C. Dussert, J. Palmari, H. Dufour, et al. Neutralization of Adrenomedullin Inhibits the Growth of Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines in Vitro and Suppresses Tumor Xenograft Growth in Vivo Am. J. Pathol., April 1, 2002; 160(4): 1279 - 1292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R Cini, D Chindamo, M Catenaccio, S Lorenzini, E Selvi, F Nerucci, M P Picchi, G Berti, and R Marcolongo Dissolution of calcium pyrophosphate crystals by polyphosphates: an in vitro and ex vivo study Ann Rheum Dis, October 1, 2001; 60(10): 962 - 967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Bonnesen, I. M. Eggleston, and J. D. Hayes Dietary Indoles and Isothiocyanates That Are Generated from Cruciferous Vegetables Can Both Stimulate Apoptosis and Confer Protection against DNA Damage in Human Colon Cell Lines Cancer Res., August 1, 2001; 61(16): 6120 - 6130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Rocchi, F. Boudouresque, A. J. Zamora, X. Muracciole, E. Lechevallier, P.-M. Martin, and L'H. Ouafik Expression of Adrenomedullin and Peptide Amidation Activity in Human Prostate Cancer and in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines Cancer Res., February 1, 2001; 61(3): 1196 - 1206. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.-M. Chuang, I-C. Wang, and J.-L. Yang Roles of JNK, p38 and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases in the growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by cadmium Carcinogenesis, July 1, 2000; 21(7): 1423 - 1432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Rekasi, J. L. Varga, A. V. Schally, G. Halmos, P. Armatis, K. Groot, and T. Czompoly Antagonists of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Inhibit Tumor Proliferation by Different Mechanisms: Evidence from in Vitro Studies on Human Prostatic and Pancreatic Cancers Endocrinology, June 1, 2000; 141(6): 2120 - 2128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Kiaris, A. V. Schally, J. L. Varga, K. Groot, and P. Armatis From the Cover: Growth hormone-releasing hormone: An autocrine growth factor for small cell lung carcinoma PNAS, December 21, 1999; 96(26): 14894 - 14898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Christodoulopoulos, A. Malapetsa, H. Schipper, E. Golub, C. Radding, and L. C. Panasci Chlorambucil Induction of HsRad51 in B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Clin. Cancer Res., August 1, 1999; 5(8): 2178 - 2184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. Legrand, G. Simonin, A. Beauchamp-Nicoud, R. Zittoun, and J.-P. Marie Simultaneous Activity of MRP1 and Pgp Is Correlated With In Vitro Resistance to Daunorubicin and With In Vivo Resistance in Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia Blood, August 1, 1999; 94(3): 1046 - 1056. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Aoshiba, S. Yasui, K. Nishimura, and A. Nagai Thiol Depletion Induces Apoptosis in Cultured Lung Fibroblasts Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., July 1, 1999; 21(1): 54 - 64. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. J. Csernus, A. V. Schally, H. Kiaris, and P. Armatis Inhibition of growth, production of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), and expression of IGF-II mRNA of human cancer cell lines by antagonistic analogs of growth hormone-releasing hormone in vitro PNAS, March 16, 1999; 96(6): 3098 - 3103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. O. Aboagye and Z. M. Bhujwalla Malignant Transformation Alters Membrane Choline Phospholipid Metabolism of Human Mammary Epithelial Cells Cancer Res., January 1, 1999; 59(1): 80 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. D. Carystinos, M. M. Katabi, D. W. Laird, J. Galipeau, H. Chan, M. A. Alaoui-Jamali, and G. Batist Cyclic-AMP Induction of Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication Increases Bystander Effect in Suicide Gene Therapy Clin. Cancer Res., January 1, 1999; 5(1): 61 - 68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Nagy, A. V. Schally, G. Halmos, P. Armatis, R.-Z. Cai, V. Csernus, M. Kovacs, M. Koppan, K. Szepeshazi, and Z. Kahan Synthesis and biological evaluation of cytotoxic analogs of somatostatin containing doxorubicin or its intensely potent derivative, 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin PNAS, February 17, 1998; 95(4): 1794 - 1799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. W. Simmons, D. Ungureanu-Longrois, G. K. Smith, T. W. Smith, and R. A. Kelly Glucocorticoids Regulate Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase by Inhibiting Tetrahydrobiopterin Synthesis and L-Arginine Transport J. Biol. Chem., September 27, 1996; 271(39): 23928 - 23937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. W. Simmons, E. I. Closs, J. M. Cunningham, T. W. Smith, and R. A. Kelly Cytokines and Insulin Induce Cationic Amino Acid Transporter (CAT) Expression in Cardiac Myocytes J. Biol. Chem., May 17, 1996; 271(20): 11694 - 11702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Cancer Research | Clinical Cancer Research |
| Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention | Molecular Cancer Therapeutics |
| Molecular Cancer Research | Cancer Prevention Research |
| Cancer Prevention Journals Portal | Cancer Reviews Online |
| Annual Meeting Education Book | Meeting Abstracts Online |
