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[Cancer Research 49, 4682-4689, September 1, 1989]
© 1989 American Association for Cancer Research
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ras Oncogenes in Human Cancer: A Review1

Johannes L. Bos

Laboratory for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Sylvius Laboratory, P. O. Box 9503, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands

Mutations in codon 12, 13, or 61 of one of the three ras genes, H-ras, K-ras, and N-ras, convert these genes into active oncogenes. Rapid assays for the detection of these point mutations have been developed recently and used to investigate the role mutated ras genes play in the pathogenesis of human tumors. It appeared that ras gene mutations can be found in a variety of tumor types, although the incidence varies greatly. The highest incidences are found in adenocarcinomas of the pancreas (90%), the colon (50%), and the lung (30%); in thyroid tumors (50%); and in myeloid leukemia (30%). For some tumor types a relationship may exist between the presence of a ras mutation and clinical or histopathological features of the tumor. There is some evidence that environmental agents may be involved in the induction of the mutations.

1 This work is supported by a grant from the Dutch Cancer Society.

Received 2/ 8/89. Revised 5/25/89. Accepted 6/ 8/89.




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M. Raponi, J. E. Lancet, H. Fan, L. Dossey, G. Lee, I. Gojo, E. J. Feldman, J. Gotlib, L. E. Morris, P. L. Greenberg, et al.
A 2-gene classifier for predicting response to the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in acute myeloid leukemia
Blood, March 1, 2008; 111(5): 2589 - 2596.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
D. W. Kang, M. H. Park, Y. J. Lee, H. S. Kim, T. K. Kwon, W.-S. Park, and D. S. Min
Phorbol Ester Up-regulates Phospholipase D1 but Not Phospholipase D2 Expression through a PKC/Ras/ERK/NF{kappa}B-dependent Pathway and Enhances Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Secretion in Colon Cancer Cells
J. Biol. Chem., February 15, 2008; 283(7): 4094 - 4104.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Interv.Home page
B. B. Ancrile, K. M. O'Hayer, and C. M. Counter
Oncogenic Ras-Induced Expression of Cytokines: A New Target of Anti-Cancer Therapeutics
Mol. Interv., February 1, 2008; 8(1): 22 - 27.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
K. Twigger, L. Vidal, C. L. White, J. S. De Bono, S. Bhide, M. Coffey, B. Thompson, R. G. Vile, L. Heinemann, H. S. Pandha, et al.
Enhanced In vitro and In vivo Cytotoxicity of Combined Reovirus and Radiotherapy
Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2008; 14(3): 912 - 923.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JDRHome page
S. Choi and J.N. Myers
Molecular Pathogenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Implications for Therapy
Journal of Dental Research, January 1, 2008; 87(1): 14 - 32.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cancer Res.Home page
R. L. Schmidt, C. H. Park, A. U. Ahmed, J. H. Gundelach, N. R. Reed, S. Cheng, B. E. Knudsen, and A. H. Tang
Inhibition of RAS-Mediated Transformation and Tumorigenesis by Targeting the Downstream E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Seven in Absentia Homologue
Cancer Res., December 15, 2007; 67(24): 11798 - 11810.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr Relat CancerHome page
G. Riesco-Eizaguirre and P. Santisteban
New insights in thyroid follicular cell biology and its impact in thyroid cancer therapy
Endocr. Relat. Cancer, December 1, 2007; 14(4): 957 - 977.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr. Rev.Home page
M. Xing
BRAF Mutation in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Pathogenic Role, Molecular Bases, and Clinical Implications
Endocr. Rev., December 1, 2007; 28(7): 742 - 762.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 CarcinogenesisHome page
J. Shao, M.K. Washington, R. Saxena, and H. Sheng
Heterozygous disruption of the PTEN promotes intestinal neoplasia in APCmin/+ mouse: roles of osteopontin
Carcinogenesis, December 1, 2007; 28(12): 2476 - 2483.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
O. G.-W. Wong, T. Nitkunan, I. Oinuma, C. Zhou, V. Blanc, R. S. D. Brown, S. R. J. Bott, J. Nariculam, G. Box, P. Munson, et al.
Plexin-B1 mutations in prostate cancer
PNAS, November 27, 2007; 104(48): 19040 - 19045.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cancer Res.Home page
K. M. Vasudevan, R. Burikhanov, A. Goswami, and V. M. Rangnekar
Suppression of PTEN Expression Is Essential for Antiapoptosis and Cellular Transformation by Oncogenic Ras
Cancer Res., November 1, 2007; 67(21): 10343 - 10350.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 haematolHome page
C. Flotho, C. P. Kratz, and C. M. Niemeyer
How a rare pediatric neoplasia can give important insights into biological concepts: a perspective on juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
Haematologica, November 1, 2007; 92(11): 1441 - 1446.
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 CarcinogenesisHome page
W.-C. L. Chang, R. A. Coudry, M. L. Clapper, X. Zhang, K.-L. Williams, C. S. Spittle, T. Li, and H. S. Cooper
Loss of p53 enhances the induction of colitis-associated neoplasia by dextran sulfate sodium
Carcinogenesis, November 1, 2007; 28(11): 2375 - 2381.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ScienceHome page
E. C. Stites, P. C. Trampont, Z. Ma, and K. S. Ravichandran
Network Analysis of Oncogenic Ras Activation in Cancer
Science, October 19, 2007; 318(5849): 463 - 467.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
P. P. Fotiadou, C. Takahashi, H. N. Rajabi, and M. E. Ewen
Wild-Type NRas and KRas Perform Distinct Functions during Transformation
Mol. Cell. Biol., October 1, 2007; 27(19): 6742 - 6755.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 CarcinogenesisHome page
W.-J. Oh, V. Rishi, S. Pelech, and C. Vinson
Histological and proteomic analysis of reversible H-RasV12G expression in transgenic mouse skin
Carcinogenesis, October 1, 2007; 28(10): 2244 - 2252.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
S. R. Grossman, S. Lyle, M. B. Resnick, E. Sabo, R. T. Lis, E. Rosinha, Q. Liu, C.-C. Hsieh, G. Bhat, A. R. Frackelton Jr., et al.
p66 Shc Tumor Levels Show a Strong Prognostic Correlation with Disease Outcome in Stage IIA Colon Cancer
Clin. Cancer Res., October 1, 2007; 13(19): 5798 - 5804.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cancer Res.Home page
H. Konishi, B. Karakas, A. M. Abukhdeir, J. Lauring, J. P. Gustin, J. P. Garay, Y. Konishi, E. Gallmeier, K. E. Bachman, and B. H. Park
Knock-in of Mutant K-ras in Nontumorigenic Human Epithelial Cells as a New Model for Studying K-ras Mediated Transformation
Cancer Res., September 15, 2007; 67(18): 8460 - 8467.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. Guo, T. Zhu, Z.-X. J. Xiao, and C.-Y. Chen
Modulation of Intracellular Signaling Pathways to Induce Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells
J. Biol. Chem., August 17, 2007; 282(33): 24364 - 24372.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cancer Res.Home page
C. Parikh, R. Subrahmanyam, and R. Ren
Oncogenic NRAS, KRAS, and HRAS Exhibit Different Leukemogenic Potentials in Mice
Cancer Res., August 1, 2007; 67(15): 7139 - 7146.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cancer Res.Home page
K. Jin, S. Park, D. Z. Ewton, and E. Friedman
The Survival Kinase Mirk/Dyrk1B Is a Downstream Effector of Oncogenic K-ras in Pancreatic Cancer
Cancer Res., August 1, 2007; 67(15): 7247 - 7255.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 CarcinogenesisHome page
V. Patel, H. M. Rosenfeldt, R. Lyons, J.-M. Servitja, X. R. Bustelo, M. Siroff, and J.S. Gutkind
Persistent activation of Rac1 in squamous carcinomas of the head and neck: evidence for an EGFR/Vav2 signaling axis involved in cell invasion
Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2007; 28(6): 1145 - 1152.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
X. Le, D. M. Langenau, M. D. Keefe, J. L. Kutok, D. S. Neuberg, and L. I. Zon
Heat shock-inducible Cre/Lox approaches to induce diverse types of tumors and hyperplasia in transgenic zebrafish
PNAS, May 29, 2007; 104(22): 9410 - 9415.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cancer Res.Home page
I. Cleynen, C. Huysmans, T. Sasazuki, S. Shirasawa, W. Van de Ven, and K. Peeters
Transcriptional Control of the Human High Mobility Group A1 Gene: Basal and Oncogenic Ras-Regulated Expression
Cancer Res., May 15, 2007; 67(10): 4620 - 4629.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cancer Res.Home page
P. B. Kopnin, L. S. Agapova, B. P. Kopnin, and P. M. Chumakov
Repression of Sestrin Family Genes Contributes to Oncogenic Ras-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Up-regulation and Genetic Instability
Cancer Res., May 15, 2007; 67(10): 4671 - 4678.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
K. Modzelewska, M. G. Elgort, J. Huang, G. Jongeward, A. Lauritzen, C. H. Yoon, P. W. Sternberg, and N. Moghal
An Activating Mutation in sos-1 Identifies Its Dbl Domain as a Critical Inhibitor of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Pathway during Caenorhabditis elegans Vulval Development
Mol. Cell. Biol., May 15, 2007; 27(10): 3695 - 3707.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Z. Ji, F. C. Mei, J. Xie, and X. Cheng
Oncogenic KRAS Activates Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic Cancer Cells
J. Biol. Chem., May 11, 2007; 282(19): 14048 - 14055.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. H. Jeon, J.-Y. Yoon, Y.-N. Park, W.-J. Jeong, S. Kim, E.-H. Jho, Y.-J. Surh, and K.-Y. Choi
Axin Inhibits Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase Pathway by Ras Degradation via beta-Catenin
J. Biol. Chem., May 11, 2007; 282(19): 14482 - 14492.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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