| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Divisions of Cell Growth and Regulation [K. K., L. S., A. B. P.] and Cancer Genetics [V. B.], Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Synchronization of mammalian cells is essential for investigations involving cell proliferation. A simple method for obtaining synchrony in all types of cells, through several cycles and with minimal overall metabolic perturbations, has not yet been available. We describe a procedure for synchronizing normal as well as tumor cells reversibly in the G1 phase of the cell cycle using Lovastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. This method of synchronization was successful with all cell lines tested, including normal and tumor cells of mouse, hamster, and human origins. For example, when MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were synchronized with Lovastatin and released by the addition of mevalonic acid (the product of the reaction catalyzed by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase), 3 phases of accelerated thymidine incorporation into DNA corresponding to 3 S phases of the cell cycle occurred during a 90-h period of cell replication. Thymidine incorporation was decreased to 
4% during the initial lag of 18 h before the first S phase, and maximum incorporation was then achieved after only 6 h. The antibody Ki-67, which detects a nuclear antigen associated with proliferation, was present in cells arrested with Lovastatin. This fact, together with the lack of thymidine incorporation during the initial lag time, indicates that the cells were arrested in the G1 and not in the G0 phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, in synchronized tumor-derived human breast epithelial cells, histone H4 RNA was low after Lovastatin release and increased with the onset of DNA synthesis. Concomitant synthesis of DNA and histone H4 RNA expression could be observed for 2 cycles. Minimal perturbations of general metabolic functions occurred since the rate of RNA, protein, and initial DNA synthesis were unaffected by Lovastatin, as evidenced by [3H]uridine, [3H]leucine, and initial [3H]thymidine incorporation. Finally, while the Lovastatin-induced synchronization was overcome by mevalonic acid, addition of squalene or cholesterol-ethanol had no such effect. Thus, Lovastatin appears to prevent formation of an early intermediate in the cholesterol pathway that is essential for progression of cells through early G1 phase.
1 This work was supported in part by Grant CA 22427 (A. B. P.) and S07RR05526-27 (a Basic Research Support Grant to K. K.) from the NIH. K. K. is a recipient of National Research Service Award CA08949-01 from the NIH.
2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Growth and Regulation, 44 Binney Street, Room D-810A, Boston, MA 02115.
Received 4/ 2/91. Accepted 4/17/91.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. Woodard, A. Sassano, N. Hay, and L. C. Platanias Statin-Dependent Suppression of the Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Cascade and Programmed Cell Death 4 Up-Regulation in Renal Cell Carcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., July 15, 2008; 14(14): 4640 - 4649. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Yokota, T. Bui, Y. Liu, M. Yi, K. K. Hunt, and K. Keyomarsi Differential Regulation of Elafin in Normal and Tumor-Derived Mammary Epithelial Cells Is Mediated by CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein Cancer Res., December 1, 2007; 67(23): 11272 - 11283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Niknejad, M. Morley, and J. Dimitroulakos Activation of the Integrated Stress Response Regulates Lovastatin-induced Apoptosis J. Biol. Chem., October 12, 2007; 282(41): 29748 - 29756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sassano, E. Katsoulidis, G. Antico, J. K. Altman, A. J. Redig, S. Minucci, M. S. Tallman, and L. C. Platanias Suppressive Effects of Statins on Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells Cancer Res., May 1, 2007; 67(9): 4524 - 4532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. S. Ahn, G. Sethi, and B. B. Aggarwal Simvastatin Potentiates TNF-{alpha}-Induced Apoptosis through the Down-Regulation of NF-{kappa}B-Dependent Antiapoptotic Gene Products: Role of I{kappa}B{alpha} Kinase and TGF-beta-Activated Kinase-1 J. Immunol., February 15, 2007; 178(4): 2507 - 2516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. F. Coogan, J. Smith, and L. Rosenberg Statin Use and Risk of Colorectal Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, January 3, 2007; 99(1): 32 - 40. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Dimitroulakos, I. A. Lorimer, and G. Goss Strategies to enhance epidermal growth factor inhibition: targeting the mevalonate pathway. Clin. Cancer Res., July 15, 2006; 12(14): 4426s - 4431s. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. G. Vogel Can Statin Therapy Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer? J. Clin. Oncol., December 1, 2005; 23(34): 8553 - 8555. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bonovas, K. Filioussi, N. Tsavaris, and N. M. Sitaras Use of Statins and Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Seven Randomized Clinical Trials and Nine Observational Studies J. Clin. Oncol., December 1, 2005; 23(34): 8606 - 8612. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Cafforio, F. Dammacco, A. Gernone, and F. Silvestris Statins activate the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in human lymphoblasts and myeloma cells Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2005; 26(5): 883 - 891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. W.C.J. van de Donk, H. M. Lokhorst, E. H.J. Nijhuis, M. M.J. Kamphuis, and A. C. Bloem Geranylgeranylated Proteins are Involved in the Regulation of Myeloma Cell Growth Clin. Cancer Res., January 15, 2005; 11(2): 429 - 439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-A. Shibata, Y. Ito, J. Morimoto, and Y. Otsuki Lovastatin inhibits tumor growth and lung metastasis in mouse mammary carcinoma model: a p53-independent mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic mechanism Carcinogenesis, October 1, 2004; 25(10): 1887 - 1898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Duncan, A. El-Sohemy, and M. C. Archer Mevalonate Promotes the Growth of Tumors Derived from Human Cancer Cells in Vivo and Stimulates Proliferation in Vitro with Enhanced Cyclin-dependent Kinase-2 Activity J. Biol. Chem., August 6, 2004; 279(32): 33079 - 33084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Levy, G. Plu-Bureau, Y. Decroix, D. Hugol, W. Rostene, A. Kimchi, and A. Gompel Death-Associated Protein Kinase Loss of Expression Is a New Marker for Breast Cancer Prognosis Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2004; 10(9): 3124 - 3130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Toy-Miou-Leong, C. L. Cortes, A. Beaudet, W. Rostene, and P. Forgez Receptor Trafficking via the Perinuclear Recycling Compartment Accompanied by Cell Division Is Necessary for Permanent Neurotensin Cell Sensitization and Leads to Chronic Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation J. Biol. Chem., March 26, 2004; 279(13): 12636 - 12646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-P. Ng, H. C. Lee, C. W. Ho, T. Arooz, W. Y. Siu, A. Lau, and R. Y. C. Poon Differential Mode of Regulation of the Checkpoint Kinases CHK1 and CHK2 by Their Regulatory Domains J. Biol. Chem., March 5, 2004; 279(10): 8808 - 8819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. W. C. J. van de Donk, D. Schotte, M. M. J. Kamphuis, A. M. W. van Marion, B. van Kessel, A. C. Bloem, and H. M. Lokhorst Protein Geranylgeranylation Is Critical for the Regulation of Survival and Proliferation of Lymphoma Tumor Cells Clin. Cancer Res., November 15, 2003; 9(15): 5735 - 5748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. W. C. J. van de Donk, M. M. J. Kamphuis, B. van Kessel, H. M. Lokhorst, and A. C. Bloem Inhibition of protein geranylgeranylation induces apoptosis in myeloma plasma cells by reducing Mcl-1 protein levels Blood, November 1, 2003; 102(9): 3354 - 3362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ukomadu and A. Dutta p21-dependent Inhibition of Colon Cancer Cell Growth by Mevastatin Is Independent of Inhibition of G1 Cyclin-dependent Kinases J. Biol. Chem., October 31, 2003; 278(44): 43586 - 43594. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Jurchott, S. Bergmann, U. Stein, W. Walther, M. Janz, I. Manni, G. Piaggio, E. Fietze, M. Dietel, and H.-D. Royer YB-1 as a Cell Cycle-regulated Transcription Factor Facilitating Cyclin A and Cyclin B1 Gene Expression J. Biol. Chem., July 18, 2003; 278(30): 27988 - 27996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Gopfert, M. Kullmann, and L. Hengst Cell cycle-dependent translation of p27 involves a responsive element in its 5'-UTR that overlaps with a uORF Hum. Mol. Genet., July 15, 2003; 12(14): 1767 - 1779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Czarnecki, L. Dufy-Barbe, S. Huet, M.-F. Odessa, and L. Bresson-Bepoldin Potassium channel expression level is dependent on the proliferation state in the GH3 pituitary cell line Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, April 1, 2003; 284(4): C1054 - C1064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. E. Davis, H. Cai, L. McCann, T. Fukai, and D. G. Harrison Role of c-Src in regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression during exercise training Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2003; 284(4): H1449 - H1453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ukomadu and A. Dutta Inhibition of cdk2 Activating Phosphorylation by Mevastatin J. Biol. Chem., February 7, 2003; 278(7): 4840 - 4846. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. K. W. Chan, A. M. Oza, and L. L. Siu The Statins as Anticancer Agents Clin. Cancer Res., January 1, 2003; 9(1): 10 - 19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M. Schang Cyclin-dependent kinases as cellular targets for antiviral drugs J. Antimicrob. Chemother., December 1, 2002; 50(6): 779 - 792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. Neuhaus, S. Strasser-Fuchs, F. Fazekas, B.C. Kieseier, G. Niederwieser, H.P. Hartung, and J.J. Archelos Statins as immunomodulators: Comparison with interferon-{beta}1b in MS Neurology, October 8, 2002; 59(7): 990 - 997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Vidal, S. S. Millard, J. P. Miller, and A. Koff Rho Activity Can Alter the Translation of p27 mRNA and Is Important for RasV12-induced Transformation in a Manner Dependent on p27 Status J. Biol. Chem., May 3, 2002; 277(19): 16433 - 16440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Ono and E. O. Freed Plasma membrane rafts play a critical role in HIV-1 assembly and release PNAS, November 20, 2001; 98(24): 13925 - 13930. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Park, I. Lee, and W. K. Kang Lovastatin-induced E2F-1 modulation and its effect on prostate cancer cell death Carcinogenesis, October 1, 2001; 22(10): 1727 - 1731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Reimers, M. Antoine, M. Zapatka, V. Blecken, C. Dickson, and P. Kiefer NoBP, a Nuclear Fibroblast Growth Factor 3 Binding Protein, Is Cell Cycle Regulated and Promotes Cell Growth Mol. Cell. Biol., August 1, 2001; 21(15): 4996 - 5007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kusama, M. Mukai, T. Iwasaki, M. Tatsuta, Y. Matsumoto, H. Akedo, and H. Nakamura Inhibition of Epidermal Growth Factor-induced RhoA Translocation and Invasion of Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells by 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors Cancer Res., June 1, 2001; 61(12): 4885 - 4891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Kakhlon, Y. Gruenbaum, and Z. I. Cabantchik Repression of ferritin expression increases the labile iron pool, oxidative stress, and short-term growth of human erythroleukemia cells Blood, May 1, 2001; 97(9): 2863 - 2871. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Dimitroulakos, L. Y. Ye, M. Benzaquen, M. J. Moore, S. Kamel-Reid, M. H. Freedman, H. Yeger, and L. Z. Penn Differential Sensitivity of Various Pediatric Cancers and Squamous Cell Carcinomas to Lovastatin-induced Apoptosis: Therapeutic Implications Clin. Cancer Res., January 1, 2001; 7(1): 158 - 167. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Shirin, E. M. Sordillo, T. K. Kolevska, H. Hibshoosh, Y. Kawabata, S. H. Oh, J. F. Kuebler, T. Delohery, C. M. Weghorst, I. B. Weinstein, et al. Chronic Helicobacter pylori Infection Induces an Apoptosis-Resistant Phenotype Associated with Decreased Expression of p27kip1 Infect. Immun., September 1, 2000; 68(9): 5321 - 5328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. D. Robertson, K. Keyomarsi, F. A. Gonzales, M. Velicescu, and P. A. Jones Differential mRNA expression of the human DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) 1, 3a and 3b during the G0/G1 to S phase transition in normal and tumor cells Nucleic Acids Res., May 15, 2000; 28(10): 2108 - 2113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Rodrigo, S. Roumagnac, M. S. Wold, B. Salles, and P. Calsou DNA Replication but Not Nucleotide Excision Repair Is Required for UVC-Induced Replication Protein A Phosphorylation in Mammalian Cells Mol. Cell. Biol., April 15, 2000; 20(8): 2696 - 2705. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Jordan, L. Schang, and P. A. Schaffer Transactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Immediate-Early Gene Expression by Virion-Associated Factors Is Blocked by an Inhibitor of Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinases J. Virol., October 1, 1999; 73(10): 8843 - 8847. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. L. van Golen, S. Davies, Z. Fen Wu, Y. Wang, C. D. Bucana, H. Root, S. Chandrasekharappa, M. Strawderman, S. P. Ethier, and S. D. Merajver A Novel Putative Low-Affinity Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein, LIBC (Lost in Inflammatory Breast Cancer), and RhoC GTPase Correlate with the Inflammatory Breast Cancer Phenotype Clin. Cancer Res., September 1, 1999; 5(9): 2511 - 2519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. MARTÍNEZ-BOTAS, Y. SUÁREZ, A. J. FERRUELO, D. GÓMEZ-CORONADO, and M. A. LASUNCIÓN Cholesterol starvation decreases P34cdc2 kinase activity and arrests the cell cycle at G2 FASEB J, August 1, 1999; 13(11): 1359 - 1370. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Rao, D. C. Porter, X. Chen, T. Herliczek, M. Lowe, and K. Keyomarsi Lovastatin-mediated G1 arrest is through inhibition of the proteasome, independent of hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA reductase PNAS, July 6, 1999; 96(14): 7797 - 7802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Mitra, C. Y. Dai, K. Somasundaram, W. S. El-Deiry, K. Satyamoorthy, M. Herlyn, and G. H. Enders Induction of p21WAF1/CIP1 and Inhibition of Cdk2 Mediated by the Tumor Suppressor p16INK4a Mol. Cell. Biol., May 1, 1999; 19(5): 3916 - 3928. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Shirin, E. M. Sordillo, S. H. Oh, H. Yamamoto, T. Delohery, I. B. Weinstein, and S. F. Moss Helicobacter pylori Inhibits the G1 to S Transition in AGS Gastric Epithelial Cells Cancer Res., May 1, 1999; 59(10): 2277 - 2281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Reimer, A. M. Borras, S. K. Kurdistani, J. R. Garreau, M. Chung, S. A. Aaronson, and S. W. Lee Altered Regulation of Cyclin G in Human Breast Cancer and Its Specific Localization at Replication Foci in Response to DNA Damage in p53+/+ Cells J. Biol. Chem., April 16, 1999; 274(16): 11022 - 11029. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Dimitroulakos, D. Nohynek, K. L. Backway, D. W. Hedley, H. Yeger, M. H. Freedman, M. D. Minden, and L. Z. Penn Increased Sensitivity of Acute Myeloid Leukemias to Lovastatin-Induced Apoptosis: A Potential Therapeutic Approach Blood, February 15, 1999; 93(4): 1308 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Voncken, D Schweizer, L Aagaard, L Sattler, M. Jantsch, and M van Lohuizen Chromatin-association of the Polycomb group protein BMI1 is cell cycle-regulated and correlates with its phosphorylation status J. Cell Sci., January 12, 1999; 112(24): 4627 - 4639. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P.-c. Chan, A. Edwards, R. Lafrenière, and H. G. Parsons Improved detection of familial hypercholesterolemia by determining low density lipoprotein receptor expression in mitogen-induced proliferating lymphocytes J. Lipid Res., November 1, 1998; 39(11): 2261 - 2270. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Huang, C. S. Chen, and D. E. Ingber Control of Cyclin D1, p27Kip1, and Cell Cycle Progression in Human Capillary Endothelial Cells by Cell Shape and Cytoskeletal Tension Mol. Biol. Cell, November 1, 1998; 9(11): 3179 - 3193. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. L. Ford, E. N. Kabingu, E. A. Bump, G. L. Mutter, and A. B. Pardee Abrogation of the G2 cell cycle checkpoint associated with overexpression of HSIX1: A possible mechanism of breast carcinogenesis PNAS, October 13, 1998; 95(21): 12608 - 12613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. G. Schimmel, A. D. Coffman, and S. J. Parsons Effect of Butyrolactone I on the Producing Fungus, Aspergillus terreus Appl. Envir. Microbiol., October 1, 1998; 64(10): 3707 - 3712. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Schang, J. Phillips, and P. A. Schaffer Requirement for Cellular Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Herpes Simplex Virus Replication and Transcription J. Virol., July 1, 1998; 72(7): 5626 - 5637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Lee, M. J. Ha, J. Lee, P. Nguyen, Y. H. Choi, F. Pirnia, W.-K. Kang, X.-F. Wang, S.-J. Kim, and J. B. Trepel Inhibition of the 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase Pathway Induces p53-independent Transcriptional Regulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 in Human Prostate Carcinoma Cells J. Biol. Chem., April 24, 1998; 273(17): 10618 - 10623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T.-H. Wang, H.-S. Wang, H. Ichijo, P. Giannakakou, J. S. Foster, T. Fojo, and J. Wimalasena Microtubule-interfering Agents Activate c-Jun N-terminal Kinase/Stress-activated Protein Kinase through Both Ras and Apoptosis Signal-regulating Kinase Pathways J. Biol. Chem., February 27, 1998; 273(9): 4928 - 4936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Shen, C. Haggblom, M. Vogt, T. Hunter, and K. P. Lu Characterization and cell cycle regulation of the related human telomeric proteins Pin2 and TRF1 suggest a role in mitosis PNAS, December 9, 1997; 94(25): 13618 - 13623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. H. Choi, S. J. Lee, P. Nguyen, J. S. Jang, J. Lee, M.-L. Wu, E. Takano, M. Maki, P. A. Henkart, and J. B. Trepel Regulation of Cyclin D1 by Calpain Protease J. Biol. Chem., November 7, 1997; 272(45): 28479 - 28484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Vogt, J. Sun, Y. Qian, A. D. Hamilton, and S. M. Sebti The Geranylgeranyltransferase-I Inhibitor GGTI-298 Arrests Human Tumor Cells in G0/G1 and Induces p21WAF1/CIP1/SDI1 in a p53-independent Manner J. Biol. Chem., October 24, 1997; 272(43): 27224 - 27229. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Raiteri, L. Arnaboldi, P. Mcgeady, M. H. Gelb, D. Verri, C. Tagliabue, P. Quarato, P. Ferraboschi, E. Santaniello, R. Paoletti, et al. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 1997; 281(3): 1144 - 1153. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. Padayatty, M. Marcelli, T. C. Shao, and G. R. Cunningham Lovastatin-Induced Apoptosis in Prostate Stromal Cells J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 1997; 82(5): 1434 - 1439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. W.J. Prall, B. Sarcevic, E. A. Musgrove, C. K.W. Watts, and R. L. Sutherland Estrogen-induced Activation of Cdk4 and Cdk2 during G1-S Phase Progression Is Accompanied by Increased Cyclin D1 Expression and Decreased Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor Association with Cyclin E-Cdk2 J. Biol. Chem., April 18, 1997; 272(16): 10882 - 10894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Stover, L. H. Chen, J. R. Suh, D. M. Stover, K. Keyomarsi, and B. Shane Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Regulation of the Human Mitochondrial Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase Gene J. Biol. Chem., January 17, 1997; 272(3): 1842 - 1848. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
