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Participation of p53 Protein in the Cellular Response to DNA Damage¹

Departments of Oncology [M. B. K., O. O., D. S., B. V.] and Physiology [R. W. C.], The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205

The inhibition of replicative DNA synthesis that follows DNA damage may be critical for avoiding genetic lesions that could contribute to cellular transformation. Exposure of ML-1 myeloblastic leukemia cells to non-lethal doses of the DNA damaging agents, -irradiation or actinomycin D, causes a transient inhibition of replicative DNA synthesis via both G₁ and G₂ arrests. Levels of p53 protein in ML-1 cells and in proliferating normal bone marrow myeloid progenitor cells increase and decrease in temporal association with the G₁ arrest. In contrast, the S-phase arrest of ML-1 cells caused by exposure to the anti-metabolite, cytosine arabinoside, which does not directly damage DNA, is not associated with a significant change in p53 protein levels. Caffeine treatment blocks both the G₁ arrest and the induction of p53 protein after -irradiation, thus suggesting that blocking the induction of p53 protein may contribute to the previously observed effects of caffeine on cell cycle changes after DNA damage. Unlike ML-1 cells and normal bone marrow myeloid progenitor cells, hematopoietic cells that either lack p53 gene expression or overexpress a mutant form of the p53 gene do not exhibit a G₁ arrest after -irradiation; however, the G₂ arrest is unaffected by the status of the p53 gene. These results suggest a role for the wild-type p53 protein in the inhibition of DNA synthesis that follows DNA damage and thus suggest a new mechanism for how the loss of wild-type p53 might contribute to tumorigenesis.

¹ This work was supported in part by grants from the American Cancer Society (CD-434 to R. W. C. and Maryland Division to M. B. K.), the Preuss Foundation, and NIH (CA 43460 to B. V. and CA 09071 to D. S.). M. B. K. is a Scholar of the Children's Cancer Foundation and a W. M. Keck Foundation Scholar.

² To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at: Oncology 3–120, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205.

Received 7/ 2/91. Accepted 9/18/91.

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