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Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Activity in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Liver: Population Characteristics, Newly Identified Deficient Patients, and Clinical Implication in 5-Fluorouracil Chemotherapy¹

Departments of Pharmacology [Z. L. R. Z., R. B. D.] and Medicine [R. B. D.], Division of Clinical Pharmacology [R. Z., R. B. D.], Comprehensive Cancer Center [R. Z., R. B. D.], University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of 5-fluorouracil (FUra), one of the most widely used anticancer drugs. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated the clinical importance of DPD in cancer patients (G. D. Heggie, J-P. Sommadossi, D. S. Cross, W. J. Huster, and R. B. Diasio. Cancer Res., 47: 2203–2206, 1987; B. E. Harris, R. Song, S-j. Soong, and R. B. Diasio. Cancer Res., 50: 197–201, 1990), particularly in those with DPD deficiency who experience severe FUra toxicity (including death) following FUra treatment [R. B. Diasio, T. L. Beavers, and J. T. Carpenter. J. Clin. Invest., 81: 47–51, 1988; B. E. Harris, J. T. Carpenter, and R. B. Diasio. Cancer (Phila.), 68: 499–501, 1991]. We now suggest that measurement of DPD activity may be useful in routine screening of cancer patients prior to FUra treatment. In this paper, we describe the following serial studies: (a) we developed a sensitive, accurate, and precise DPD assay and a storage method to stabilize DPD activity, permitting large scale DPD screening in cancer patients; (b) we demonstrated a normal distribution (Gaussian distribution) of human DPD activity from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM-DPD) in a population study. Baselines for PBM-DPD with fresh and frozen samples were 0.425 ± 0.124 (SD) and 0.189 ± 0.064 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. The 95% and 99% distribution ranges for both fresh and frozen samples were also determined, providing criteria for detection of DPD-deficient patients; (c) we identified nine new patients with profound or partial DPD deficiency; (d) we determined a baseline for human liver DPD activity, which was shown to be 0.360 ± 0.182 nmol/min/mg protein (frozen samples); (e) we did a preliminary evaluation of liver DPD from deficient patients. Low liver DPD activity in two deficient patients correlated with low PBM-DPD activity. Using a polyclonal antibody raised against human liver DPD in our laboratory (Z. Lu, R. Zhang, and R. B. Diasio. J. Biol. Chem., 267: 17102–17109, 1992), Western blot analysis demonstrated decreased DPD protein in the liver cytosol from DPD-deficient patients compared to normal subjects. These results may be useful in improving the effectiveness and/or lessening the toxicity of FUra chemotherapy.

¹ Supported by USPHS Grant CA-62164 and Clinical Research Center Grant RR-00032. This study was presented in part at the 29th annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Orlando, FL, May 16–18, 1993. Z. L. is the recipient of the 1993 ASCO Travel Awards.

² To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB Station, Box 600, Volker Hall 101, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019.

Received 6/ 9/93. Accepted 9/ 8/93.

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