This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Lothe, R. A. Articles by Børresen, A.-L. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Lothe, R. A. Articles by Børresen, A.-L.

Genomic Instability in Colorectal Cancer: Relationship to Clinicopathological Variables and Family History¹

Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research [R. A. L., K. H., T. I. A., P. M., A. B., A-L. B.], and Department of Medical Oncology and Radiotherapy [S. D. F.], The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, P. O. Box 21, University of Helsinki, SF-00014 Helsinki, Finland [P. P., L. A. A., M. N-L., L. P., A. d. l. C.]; Institute of Forensic Medicine, The National Hospital, University of Oslo, 0027 Oslo, Norway [G. I. M., T. O. R.]; Surgical Department, Norwegian Lutheran Hospital, 0319 Oslo, Norway [G. I. M.]; Section of Medical Statistics, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway [T. H.]; and the Norwegian Cancer Registry, Fritjof Nansens v.17, Oslo, Norway [F. L.]

Recent reports have suggested that one or more genes may cause replication errors (RER) during colorectal tumorigenesis. Additional alleles are seen in the tumors when analyzing random microsatellite loci. We have studied seven dinucleotide repeat loci, located on seven different chromosomes, by use of polymerase chain reaction amplification and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We found that 16.5% (40 of 243) colorectal cancers showed RER at one or several loci (RER+). This includes 31% (4 of 13) among cases with a strong positive family history according to previously published criteria and 17% (35 of 207) among cases with no history of familial cancer. Interestingly, no significant association was found between RER+ tumors and a general familial clustering of cancer. Microsatellite instability was significantly associated with DNA diploid status of the tumor (P < 0.001), with the location of the tumor in the proximal colon (P < 0.001), and with poorly differentiated tumor phenotype (P < 0.001). Patients with RER+ at 2 loci tumors had an increased survival (P = 0.05).

We further analyzed 84 breast cancers and 86 male germ cell cancers using the same seven markers. None of the tumors were RER+, indicating that this phenomenon may be specific to certain types of tumors.

¹ Supported by grants from the Norwegian Research Council for Science and Humanities, the Norwegian Cancer Society, the Academy of Finland, the Finnish Cancer Society, and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. Part of this study was done at the Folkhalsan Institute of Genetics.

² To whom requests for reprints should be addressed.

Received 10/ 9/93. Accepted 11/ 2/93.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. M. Bertagnolli, D. Niedzwiecki, C. C. Compton, H. P. Hahn, M. Hall, B. Damas, S. D. Jewell, R. J. Mayer, R. M. Goldberg, L. B. Saltz, et al. Microsatellite Instability Predicts Improved Response to Adjuvant Therapy With Irinotecan, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin in Stage III Colon Cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Protocol 89803 J. Clin. Oncol., April 10, 2009; 27(11): 1814 - 1821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. BUHMEIDA, M. HILSKA, A. ELZAGHEID, M. LAATO, Y. COLLAN, K. SYRJANEN, and S. PYRHONEN DNA Image Cytometry Predicts Disease Outcome in Stage II Colorectal Carcinoma Anticancer Res, January 1, 2009; 29(1): 99 - 106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-J. Lenz Established Biomarkers for Colon Cancer ASCO Educational Book, January 1, 2009; 2009(1): 215 - 219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Zell, J. Honda, A. Ziogas, and H. Anton-Culver Survival After Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis Is Associated with Colorectal Cancer Family History Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2008; 17(11): 3134 - 3140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. A. Sinicrope, R. L. Rego, K. Okumura, N. R. Foster, M. J. O'Connell, D. J. Sargent, and H. E. Windschitl Prognostic Impact of Bim, Puma, and Noxa Expression in Human Colon Carcinomas Clin. Cancer Res., September 15, 2008; 14(18): 5810 - 5818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. A. Sinicrope, R. L. Rego, N. R. Foster, S. N. Thibodeau, S. R. Alberts, H. E. Windschitl, and D. J. Sargent Proapoptotic Bad and Bid Protein Expression Predict Survival in Stages II and III Colon Cancers Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2008; 14(13): 4128 - 4133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S Le Gouvello, S Bastuji-Garin, N Aloulou, H Mansour, M-T Chaumette, F Berrehar, A Seikour, A Charachon, M Karoui, K Leroy, et al. High prevalence of Foxp3 and IL17 in MMR-proficient colorectal carcinomas Gut, June 1, 2008; 57(6): 772 - 779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Das, K. Vaiphei, D. Jain, and Jai Dev Wig p53 and mdm2 Expression in Colorectal Carcinoma: A Correlative Analysis With Clinical Staging and Histological Parameters International Journal of Surgical Pathology, October 1, 2007; 15(4): 335 - 345. [Abstract] [PDF]

				N. Khilko, P. Bourne, Qi Yang, and Ping Tang Mismatch Repair Genes hMLH1 and hMSH2 May Not Play an Essential Role in Breast Carcinogenesis International Journal of Surgical Pathology, July 1, 2007; 15(3): 233 - 241. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A Lugli, I Zlobec, K Baker, P Minoo, L Tornillo, L Terracciano, and J R Jass Prognostic significance of mucins in colorectal cancer with different DNA mismatch-repair status J. Clin. Pathol., May 1, 2007; 60(5): 534 - 539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. P. Kim, L. H. Colangelo, H. S. Wieand, S. Paik, I. R. Kirsch, N. Wolmark, and C. J. Allegra Prognostic and Predictive Roles of High-Degree Microsatellite Instability in Colon Cancer: A National Cancer Institute-National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Collaborative Study J. Clin. Oncol., March 1, 2007; 25(7): 767 - 772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Y. Locker, S. Hamilton, J. Harris, J. M. Jessup, N. Kemeny, J. S. Macdonald, M. R. Somerfield, D. F. Hayes, and R. C. Bast Jr ASCO 2006 Update of Recommendations for the Use of Tumor Markers in Gastrointestinal Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., November 20, 2006; 24(33): 5313 - 5327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Watanabe, T. Kobunai, E. Toda, Y. Yamamoto, T. Kanazawa, Y. Kazama, J. Tanaka, T. Tanaka, T. Konishi, Y. Okayama, et al. Distal Colorectal Cancers with Microsatellite Instability (MSI) Display Distinct Gene Expression Profiles that Are Different from Proximal MSI Cancers Cancer Res., October 15, 2006; 66(20): 9804 - 9808. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. M.C. Hendriks, A. E. de Jong, H. Morreau, C. M.J. Tops, H. F. Vasen, J. Th. Wijnen, M. H. Breuning, and A. H.J.T. Brocker-Vriends Diagnostic Approach and Management of Lynch Syndrome (Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Carcinoma): A Guide for Clinicians CA Cancer J Clin, July 1, 2006; 56(4): 213 - 225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. Barnetson, A. Tenesa, S. M. Farrington, I. D. Nicholl, R. Cetnarskyj, M. E. Porteous, H. Campbell, and M. G. Dunlop Identification and survival of carriers of mutations in DNA mismatch-repair genes in colon cancer. N. Engl. J. Med., June 29, 2006; 354(26): 2751 - 2763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. A. Sinicrope, R. L. Rego, K. C. Halling, N. R. Foster, D. J. Sargent, B. La Plant, A. J. French, C. J. Allegra, J. A. Laurie, R. M. Goldberg, et al. Thymidylate synthase expression in colon carcinomas with microsatellite instability. Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2006; 12(9): 2738 - 2744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Buhard, F. Cattaneo, Y. F. Wong, S. F. Yim, E. Friedman, J.-F. Flejou, A. Duval, and R. Hamelin Multipopulation Analysis of Polymorphisms in Five Mononucleotide Repeats Used to Determine the Microsatellite Instability Status of Human Tumors J. Clin. Oncol., January 10, 2006; 24(2): 241 - 251. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. R. Hussein, A. K. Haemel, D. M. Albert, and G. S. Wood Microsatellite Instability and Alterations of Mismatch Repair Protein Expression in Choroidal Melanomas Arch Ophthalmol, December 1, 2005; 123(12): 1705 - 1711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Westra, M. Schaapveld, H. Hollema, J. P. de Boer, M. M.J. Kraak, D. de Jong, A. ter Elst, N. H. Mulder, C. H.C.M. Buys, R. M.W. Hofstra, et al. Determination of TP53 Mutation Is More Relevant Than Microsatellite Instability Status for the Prediction of Disease-Free Survival in Adjuvant-Treated Stage III Colon Cancer Patients J. Clin. Oncol., August 20, 2005; 23(24): 5635 - 5643. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. A. Wark, M. P. Weijenberg, P. van 't Veer, G. van Wijhe, M. Luchtenborg, G. N.P. van Muijen, A. F.P.M. de Goeij, R. A. Goldbohm, and P. A. van den Brandt Fruits, Vegetables, and hMLH1 Protein-Deficient and -Proficient Colon Cancer: The Netherlands Cohort Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2005; 14(7): 1619 - 1625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Chen, P. Watson, and G. Parmigiani Accuracy of MSI testing in predicting germline mutations of MSH2 and MLH1: a case study in Bayesian meta-analysis of diagnostic tests without a gold standard Biostat., July 1, 2005; 6(3): 450 - 464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Beach, A. O.-O. Chan, T.-T. Wu, J. A. White, J. S. Morris, S. Lunagomez, R. R. Broaddus, J.-P. J. Issa, S. R. Hamilton, and A. Rashid BRAF Mutations in Aberrant Crypt Foci and Hyperplastic Polyposis Am. J. Pathol., April 1, 2005; 166(4): 1069 - 1075. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L. Elliott and G. C. Blobe Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta in Human Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., March 20, 2005; 23(9): 2078 - 2093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Oda, Y. Maehara, Y. Ikeda, E. Oki, A. Egashira, Y. Okamura, I. Takahashi, Y. Kakeji, Y. Sumiyoshi, K. Miyashita, et al. Two modes of microsatellite instability in human cancer: differential connection of defective DNA mismatch repair to dinucleotide repeat instability Nucleic Acids Res., March 18, 2005; 33(5): 1628 - 1636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Meyers, M. W. Wagner, A. Mazurek, C. Schmutte, R. Fishel, and D. A. Boothman DNA Mismatch Repair-dependent Response to Fluoropyrimidine-generated Damage J. Biol. Chem., February 18, 2005; 280(7): 5516 - 5526. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Popat, R. Hubner, and R.S. Houlston Systematic Review of Microsatellite Instability and Colorectal Cancer Prognosis J. Clin. Oncol., January 20, 2005; 23(3): 609 - 618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Tang, C. R. Changchien, M.-C. Wu, C.-W. Fan, K.-W. Liu, J.-S. Chen, H.-T. Chien, and L.-L. Hsieh Colorectal cancer without high microsatellite instability and chromosomal instability--an alternative genetic pathway to human colorectal cancer Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2004; 25(5): 841 - 846. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Duval, M. Raphael, C. Brennetot, H. Poirel, O. Buhard, A. Aubry, A. Martin, A. Krimi, V. Leblond, J. Gabarre, et al. The mutator pathway is a feature of immunodeficiency-related lymphomas PNAS, April 6, 2004; 101(14): 5002 - 5007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Chiappini, M. Gross-Goupil, R. Saffroy, D. Azoulay, J.-F. Emile, L.-A. Veillhan, V. Delvart, S. Chevalier, H. Bismuth, B. Debuire, et al. Microsatellite instability mutator phenotype in hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic and non-virally infected normal livers Carcinogenesis, April 1, 2004; 25(4): 541 - 547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y Parc, S Gueroult, N Mourra, L Serfaty, J-F Flejou, E Tiret, and R Parc Prognostic significance of microsatellite instability determined by immunohistochemical staining of MSH2 and MLH1 in sporadic T3N0M0 colon cancer Gut, March 1, 2004; 53(3): 371 - 375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Plaschke, S. Kruger, B. Jeske, F. Theissig, F. R. Kreuz, S. Pistorius, H. D. Saeger, I. Iaccarino, G. Marra, and H. K. Schackert Loss of MSH3 Protein Expression Is Frequent in MLH1-Deficient Colorectal Cancer and Is Associated with Disease Progression1 Cancer Res., February 1, 2004; 64(3): 864 - 870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. de Jong, M. van Puijenbroek, Y. Hendriks, C. Tops, J. Wijnen, M. G. E. M. Ausems, H. Meijers-Heijboer, A. Wagner, T. A. M. van Os, A. H. J. T. Brocker-Vriends, et al. Microsatellite Instability, Immunohistochemistry, and Additional PMS2 Staining in Suspected Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2004; 10(3): 972 - 980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. J. Wild, A. Reichle, R. Andreesen, G. Rockelein, W. Dietmaier, J. Ruschoff, H. Blaszyk, F. Hofstadter, and A. Hartmann Microsatellite Instability Predicts Poor Short-Term Survival in Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer after High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation Clin. Cancer Res., January 15, 2004; 10(2): 556 - 564. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Ishikawa, T. Fujita, Y. Suzuki, S. Okabe, Y. Yuasa, T. Iwai, and Y. Kawakami Tumor-specific Immunological Recognition of Frameshift-mutated Peptides in Colon Cancer with Microsatellite Instability Cancer Res., September 1, 2003; 63(17): 5564 - 5572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G.M. Nash, M. Gimbel, J. Shia, A.T. Culliford, D.R. Nathanson, M. Ndubuisi, Y. Yamaguchi, Z.S. Zeng, F. Barany, and P.B. Paty Automated, Multiplex Assay for High-Frequency Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., August 15, 2003; 21(16): 3105 - 3112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Mori, F. M. Selaru, F. Sato, J. Yin, L. A. Simms, Y. Xu, A. Olaru, E. Deacu, S. Wang, J. M. Taylor, et al. The Impact of Microsatellite Instability on the Molecular Phenotype of Colorectal Tumors Cancer Res., August 1, 2003; 63(15): 4577 - 4582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M. Ribic, D. J. Sargent, M. J. Moore, S. N. Thibodeau, A. J. French, R. M. Goldberg, S. R. Hamilton, P. Laurent-Puig, R. Gryfe, L. E. Shepherd, et al. Tumor Microsatellite-Instability Status as a Predictor of Benefit from Fluorouracil-Based Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., July 17, 2003; 349(3): 247 - 257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Graziano and S. Cascinu Prognostic molecular markers for planning adjuvant chemotherapy trials in Dukes' B colorectal cancer patients: how much evidence is enough? Ann. Onc., July 1, 2003; 14(7): 1026 - 1038. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Goel, C. N. Arnold, D. Niedzwiecki, D. K. Chang, L. Ricciardiello, J. M. Carethers, J. M. Dowell, L. Wasserman, C. Compton, R. J. Mayer, et al. Characterization of Sporadic Colon Cancer by Patterns of Genomic Instability Cancer Res., April 1, 2003; 63(7): 1608 - 1614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Peltomaki Role of DNA Mismatch Repair Defects in the Pathogenesis of Human Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., March 15, 2003; 21(6): 1174 - 1179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. T. Lynch and A. de la Chapelle Hereditary Colorectal Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., March 6, 2003; 348(10): 919 - 932. [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. B. Diep, L. Thorstensen, G. I. Meling, E. Skovlund, T. O. Rognum, and R. A. Lothe Genetic Tumor Markers With Prognostic Impact in Dukes' Stages B and C Colorectal Cancer Patients J. Clin. Oncol., March 1, 2003; 21(5): 820 - 829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Ashktorab, D. T. Smoot, J. M. Carethers, M. Rahmanian, R. Kittles, G. Vosganian, M. Doura, E. Nidhiry, T. Naab, B. Momen, et al. High Incidence of Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancer from African Americans Clin. Cancer Res., March 1, 2003; 9(3): 1112 - 1117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Hendriks, P. Franken, J. W. Dierssen, W. de Leeuw, J. Wijnen, E. Dreef, C. Tops, M. Breuning, A. Brocker-Vriends, H. Vasen, et al. Conventional and Tissue Microarray Immunohistochemical Expression Analysis of Mismatch Repair in Hereditary Colorectal Tumors Am. J. Pathol., February 1, 2003; 162(2): 469 - 477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. de la Chapelle Microsatellite Instability Phenotype of Tumors: Genotyping or Immunohistochemistry? The Jury Is Still Out J. Clin. Oncol., February 15, 2002; 20(4): 897 - 899. [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. M. Lindor, L. J. Burgart, O. Leontovich, R. M. Goldberg, J. M. Cunningham, D. J. Sargent, C. Walsh-Vockley, G. M. Petersen, M. D. Walsh, B. A. Leggett, et al. Immunohistochemistry Versus Microsatellite Instability Testing in Phenotyping Colorectal Tumors J. Clin. Oncol., February 15, 2002; 20(4): 1043 - 1048. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Laiho, V. Launonen, P. Lahermo, M. Esteller, M. Guo, J. G. Herman, J.-P. Mecklin, H. Jarvinen, P. Sistonen, K.-M. Kim, et al. Low-Level Microsatellite Instability in Most Colorectal Carcinomas Cancer Res., February 1, 2002; 62(4): 1166 - 1170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. O.-O. Chan, J.-P. J. Issa, J. S. Morris, S. R. Hamilton, and A. Rashid Concordant CpG Island Methylation in Hyperplastic Polyposis Am. J. Pathol., February 1, 2002; 160(2): 529 - 536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Halford, P. Sasieni, A. Rowan, H. Wasan, W. Bodmer, I. Talbot, N. Hawkins, R. Ward, and I. Tomlinson Low-Level Microsatellite Instability Occurs in Most Colorectal Cancers and Is a Nonrandomly Distributed Quantitative Trait Cancer Res., January 1, 2002; 62(1): 53 - 57. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Baranovskaya, J. L. Soto, M. Perucho, and S. R. Malkhosyan Functional significance of concomitant inactivation of hMLH1 and hMSH6 in tumor cells of the microsatellite mutator phenotype PNAS, December 6, 2001; (2001) 251234498. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Devouassoux-Shisheboran, C. Mauduit, R. Bouvier, F. Berger, M. Bouras, J. P. Droz, and M. Benahmed Expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 and assessment of microsatellite instability in testicular and mediastinal germ cell tumours Mol. Hum. Reprod., December 1, 2001; 7(12): 1099 - 1105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Young, L. A. Simms, K. G. Biden, C. Wynter, V. Whitehall, R. Karamatic, J. George, J. Goldblatt, I. Walpole, S.-A. Robin, et al. Features of Colorectal Cancers with High-Level Microsatellite Instability Occurring in Familial and Sporadic Settings : Parallel Pathways of Tumorigenesis Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2001; 159(6): 2107 - 2116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Hinoi, M. Tani, P. C. Lucas, K. Caca, R. L. Dunn, E. Macri¶, M. Loda¶, H. D. Appelman, K. R. Cho, and E. R. Fearon Loss of CDX2 Expression and Microsatellite Instability Are Prominent Features of Large Cell Minimally Differentiated Carcinomas of the Colon Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2001; 159(6): 2239 - 2248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. D. Ramsey, L. Clarke, R. Etzioni, M. Higashi, K. Berry, and N. Urban Cost-Effectiveness of Microsatellite Instability Screening as a Method for Detecting Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Ann Intern Med, October 16, 2001; 135(8_Part_1): 577 - 588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Nakagawa, G. J. Nuovo, E. E. Zervos, E. W. Martin Jr., R. Salovaara, L. A. Aaltonen, and A. de la Chapelle Age-related Hypermethylation of the 5' Region of MLH1 in Normal Colonic Mucosa Is Associated with Microsatellite-unstable Colorectal Cancer Development Cancer Res., October 1, 2001; 61(19): 6991 - 6995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. J. Hawkins and R. L. Ward Sporadic Colorectal Cancers With Microsatellite Instability and Their Possible Origin in Hyperplastic Polyps and Serrated Adenomas J Natl Cancer Inst, September 5, 2001; 93(17): 1307 - 1313. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. S. Samowitz, K. Curtin, K.-N. Ma, D. Schaffer, L. W. Coleman, M. Leppert, and M. L. Slattery Microsatellite Instability in Sporadic Colon Cancer Is Associated with an Improved Prognosis at the Population Level Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2001; 10(9): 917 - 923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Michael-Robinson, L. E. Reid, D. M. Purdie, A-E. Biemer-Huttmann, M. D. Walsh, N. Pandeya, L. A. Simms, J. P. Young, B. A. Leggett, J. R. Jass, et al. Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Survival in High-Level Microsatellite Instability Sporadic Colorectal Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., August 1, 2001; 7(8): 2347 - 2356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R Ward, A Meagher, I Tomlinson, T O'Connor, M Norrie, R Wu, and N Hawkins Microsatellite instability and the clinicopathological features of sporadic colorectal cancer Gut, June 1, 2001; 48(6): 821 - 829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Loukola, K. Eklin, P. Laiho, R. Salovaara, P. Kristo, H. Jarvinen, J.-P. Mecklin, V. Launonen, and L. A. Aaltonen Microsatellite Marker Analysis in Screening for Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) Cancer Res., June 1, 2001; 61(11): 4545 - 4549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Elsaleh, B. Powell, K. McCaul, F. Grieu, R. Grant, D. Joseph, and B. Iacopetta P53 Alteration and Microsatellite Instability Have Predictive Value for Survival Benefit from Chemotherapy in Stage III Colorectal Carcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2001; 7(5): 1343 - 1349. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				T. Watanabe, T.-T. Wu, P. J. Catalano, T. Ueki, R. Satriano, D. G. Haller, A. B. Benson, and S. R. Hamilton Molecular Predictors of Survival after Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., April 19, 2001; 344(16): 1196 - 1206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Duval, S. Rolland, A. Compoint, E. Tubacher, B. Iacopetta, G. Thomas, and R. Hamelin Evolution of instability at coding and non-coding repeat sequences in human MSI-H colorectal cancers Hum. Mol. Genet., March 1, 2001; 10(5): 513 - 518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J M Michael-Robinson, A-E Biemer-Huttmann, D M Purdie, M D Walsh, L A Simms, K G Biden, J P Young, B A Leggett, J R Jass, and G L Radford-Smith Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes and apoptosis are independent features in colorectal cancer stratified according to microsatellite instability status Gut, March 1, 2001; 48(3): 360 - 366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Alonso, R. Hamelin, M. Kim, K. Porwancher, T. Sung, P. Parhar, D. C. Miller, and E. W. Newcomb Microsatellite Instability Occurs in Distinct Subtypes of Pediatric but not Adult Central Nervous System Tumors Cancer Res., March 1, 2001; 61(5): 2124 - 2128. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. Fiumicino, A. Ercoli, G. Ferrandina, P. Hess, G. Raspaglio, M. Genuardi, V. Rovella, A. Bellacosa, L. Cicchillitti, S. Mancuso, et al. Microsatellite Instability Is an Independent Indicator of Recurrence in Sporadic Stage I-II Endometrial Adenocarcinoma J. Clin. Oncol., February 15, 2001; 19(4): 1008 - 1014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Alexander, T. Watanabe, T.-T. Wu, A. Rashid, S. Li, and S. R. Hamilton Histopathological Identification of Colon Cancer with Microsatellite Instability Am. J. Pathol., February 1, 2001; 158(2): 527 - 535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. L. Bacon, S. M. Farrington, and M. G. Dunlop Sequence interruptions confer differential stability at microsatellite alleles in mismatch repair-deficient cells Hum. Mol. Genet., November 1, 2000; 9(18): 2707 - 2713. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Markowitz DNA Repair Defects Inactivate Tumor Suppressor Genes and Induce Hereditary and Sporadic Colon Cancers J. Clin. Oncol., November 1, 2000; 18(90001): 75s - 80. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J R JASS;, B CURRAN, K LENEHAN, H MULCAHY, O TIGHE, M A BENNETT, E W KAY, D P O'DONOGHUE, M LEADER, and D T CROKE Replication error phenotype in colorectal cancer Reply Gut, October 1, 2000; 47(4): 597 - 598. [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. VAURS-BARRIÈRE, F. PENAULT-LLORCA, V. LAPLACE-MARIEZE, N. PRESNEAU, C. M MAUGARD, M. FICHE, A. HARDOUIN, and Y.-J. BIGNON Low frequency of microsatellite instability in BRCA1 mutated breast tumours J. Med. Genet., October 1, 2000; 37(10): 32e - 32. [Full Text]

				D. J. Peel, A. Ziogas, E. A. Fox, M. Gildea, B. Laham, E. Clements, R. D. Kolodner, and H. Anton-Culver Characterization of Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Families From a Population-Based Series of Cases J Natl Cancer Inst, September 20, 2000; 92(18): 1517 - 1522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Sobrido, C. R. Pereira, F. Barros, J. Forteza, A. Carracedo, and M. Lema Low frequency of replication errors in primary nervous system tumours J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, September 1, 2000; 69(3): 369 - 375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J M D WHEELER, W F BODMER, and N J M. MORTENSEN DNA mismatch repair genes and colorectal cancer Gut, July 1, 2000; 47(1): 148 - 153. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Chao, F. Gilliland, C. Willman, N. Joste, I-M. Chen, N. Stone, J. Ruschulte, D. Viswanatha, P. Duncan, R. Ming, et al. Patient and Tumor Characteristics of Colon Cancers with Microsatellite Instability: A Population-based Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2000; 9(6): 539 - 544. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A.-E. Biemer-Huttmann, M. D. Walsh, M. A. McGuckin, L. A. Simms, J. Young, B. A. Leggett, and J. R. Jass Mucin Core Protein Expression in Colorectal Cancers with High Levels of Microsatellite Instability Indicates a Novel Pathway of Morphogenesis Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2000; 6(5): 1909 - 1916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. E. Wilentz, M. Goggins, M. Redston, V. A. Marcus, N. V. Adsay, T. A. Sohn, S. S. Kadkol, C. J. Yeo, M. Choti, M. Zahurak, et al. Genetic, Immunohistochemical, and Clinical Features of Medullary Carcinoma of the Pancreas : A Newly Described and Characterized Entity Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2000; 156(5): 1641 - 1651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L Cawkwell, F Sutherland, H Murgatroyd, P Jarvis, S Gray, D Cross, N Shepherd, D Day, and P Quirke Defective hMSH2/hMLH1 protein expression is seen infrequently in ulcerative colitis associated colorectal cancers Gut, March 1, 2000; 46(3): 367 - 369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. D. MacDonald, H. B. Salvesen, A. Ryan, O.-E. Iversen, L. A. Akslen, and I. J. Jacobs Frequency and Prognostic Impact of Microsatellite Instability in a Large Population-based Study of Endometrial Carcinomas Cancer Res., March 1, 2000; 60(6): 1750 - 1752. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				B Curran, K Lenehan, H Mulcahy, O Tighe, M A Bennett, E W Kay, D P O'Donoghue, M Leader, and D T Croke Replication error phenotype, clinicopathological variables, and patient outcome in Dukes' B stage II (T3,N0,M0) colorectal cancer Gut, February 1, 2000; 46(2): 200 - 204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Gryfe, H. Kim, E. T.K. Hsieh, M. D. Aronson, E. J. Holowaty, S. B. Bull, M. Redston, and S. Gallinger Tumor Microsatellite Instability and Clinical Outcome in Young Patients with Colorectal Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., January 13, 2000; 342(2): 69 - 77. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. VASSILAKIS, G. SOURVINOS, M. MARKATOS, K. PSATHAKIS, D. A. SPANDIDOS, N. M. SIAFAKAS, and D. BOUROS Microsatellite DNA Instability and Loss of Heterozygosity in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., November 1, 1999; 160(5): 1729 - 1733. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. A. Kuismanen, M. T. Holmberg, R. Salovaara, P. Schweizer, L. A. Aaltonen, A. de la Chapelle, M. Nystrom-Lahti, and P. Peltomaki Epigenetic phenotypes distinguish microsatellite-stable and -unstable colorectal cancers PNAS, October 26, 1999; 96(22): 12661 - 12666. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Miyazaki, T. Furuya, A. Shiraki, T. Sato, A. Oga, and K. Sasaki The Relationship of DNA Ploidy to Chromosomal Instability in Primary Human Colorectal Cancers Cancer Res., October 1, 1999; 59(20): 5283 - 5285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I C TALBOT Mismatch repair deficit: a gain for diagnostic histopathology Gut, September 1, 1999; 45(3): 325 - 326. [Full Text]

				L Cawkwell, S Gray, H Murgatroyd, F Sutherland, L Haine, M Longfellow, S O'Loughlin, D Cross, O Kronborg, C Fenger, et al. Choice of management strategy for colorectal cancer based on a diagnostic immunohistochemical test for defective mismatch repair Gut, September 1, 1999; 45(3): 409 - 415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Daigo, Y. Furukawa, T. Kawasoe, H. Ishiguro, M. Fujita, S. Sugai, S. Nakamori, G.-J. Liefers, R. A. E. M. Tollenaar, C. J. H. van de Velde, et al. Absence of Genetic Alteration at Codon 531 of the Human c-src Gene in 479 Advanced Colorectal Cancers from Japanese and Caucasian Patients Cancer Res., September 1, 1999; 59(17): 4222 - 4224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. D. Nicholl and M. G. Dunlop Molecular Markers of Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, August 4, 1999; 91(15): 1267 - 1269. [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. C. Halling, A. J. French, S. K. McDonnell, L. J. Burgart, D. J. Schaid, B. J. Peterson, L. Moon-Tasson, M. R. Mahoney, D. J. Sargent, M. J. O'Connell, et al. Microsatellite Instability and 8p Allelic Imbalance in Stage B2 and C Colorectal Cancers J Natl Cancer Inst, August 4, 1999; 91(15): 1295 - 1303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Lanza, R. Gafa, M. Matteuzzi, and A. Santini Medullary-Type Poorly Differentiated Adenocarcinoma of the Large Bowel: A Distinct Clinicopathologic Entity Characterized by Microsatellite Instability and Improved Survival J. Clin. Oncol., August 1, 1999; 17(8): 2429 - 2429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I M FRAYLING Microsatellite instability Gut, July 1, 1999; 45(1): 1 - 4. [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. A. Sinicrope, J. Hart, H.-A. Hsu, M. Lemoine, F. Michelassi, and L. C. Stephens Apoptotic and Mitotic Indices Predict Survival Rates in Lymph Node-negative Colon Carcinomas Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 1999; 5(7): 1793 - 1804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. S. Samowitz, M. L. Slattery, J. D. Potter, and M. F. Leppert BAT-26 and BAT-40 Instability in Colorectal Adenomas and Carcinomas and Germline Polymorphisms Am. J. Pathol., June 1, 1999; 154(6): 1637 - 1641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Dolcetti, A. Viel, C. Doglioni, A. Russo, M. Guidoboni, E. Capozzi, N. Vecchiato, E. Macri, M. Fornasarig, and M. Boiocchi High Prevalence of Activated Intraepithelial Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and Increased Neoplastic Cell Apoptosis in Colorectal Carcinomas with Microsatellite Instability Am. J. Pathol., June 1, 1999; 154(6): 1805 - 1813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Sourvinos, J. Parissis, F. Sotsiou, D. L. Arvanitis, and D. A. Spandidos Detection of microsatellite instability in sporadic cardiac myxomas Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 1999; 42(3): 728 - 732. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. S. Fleisher, M. Esteller, S. Wang, G. Tamura, H. Suzuki, J. Yin, T.-T. Zou, J. M. Abraham, D. Kong, K. N. Smolinski, et al. Hypermethylation of the hMLH1 Gene Promoter in Human Gastric Cancers with Microsatellite Instability Cancer Res., March 1, 1999; 59(5): 1090 - 1095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. Edelmann, K. Yang, M. Kuraguchi, J. Heyer, M. Lia, B. Kneitz, K. Fan, A. M. C. Brown, M. Lipkin, and R. Kucherlapati Tumorigenesis in Mlh1 and Mlh1/Apc1638N Mutant Mice Cancer Res., March 1, 1999; 59(6): 1301 - 1307. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S R Brown, P J Finan, L Cawkwell, P Quirke, and D T Bishop Frequency of replication errors in colorectal cancer and their association with family history Gut, October 1, 1998; 43(4): 553 - 557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Fujiwara, J. M. Stolker, T. Watanabe, A. Rashid, P. Longo, J. R. Eshleman, S. Booker, H. T. Lynch, J. R. Jass, J. S. Green, et al. Accumulated Clonal Genetic Alterations in Familial and Sporadic Colorectal Carcinomas with Widespread Instability in Microsatellite Sequences Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 1998; 153(4): 1063 - 1078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. L. DeWeese, J. M. Shipman, N. A. Larrier, N. M. Buckley, L. R. Kidd, J. D. Groopman, R. G. Cutler, H. te Riele, and W. G. Nelson Mouse embryonic stem cells carrying one or two defective Msh2 alleles respond abnormally to oxidative stress inflicted by low-level radiation PNAS, September 29, 1998; 95(20): 11915 - 11920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]