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American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia 30329 [M. J. T., M. M. N., E. E. C., C. W. H.], and Epidemiology Division, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 [W. D. F.]
Aspirin and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs inhibit prostagiandin synthesis and tumor growth in many experimental systems, but it is unclear which of these tumor models are relevant to humans. We have reported reduced risk of fatal colon cancer among persons who used aspirin in a large prospective study. This analysis examines other fatal cancers in relation to aspirin among 635,031 adults in that study who provided information in 1982 on the frequency and duration of their aspirin use and did not report cancer. Death rates were measured through 1988. Death rates decreased with more frequent aspirin use for cancers of the esophagus, stomach, colon, and rectum but not generally for other cancers. For each digestive tract cancer, death rates were approximately 40% lower among persons who used aspirin 16 times/month or more for at least 1 year compared to those who used no aspirin. The trend of decreasing risk with more frequent aspirin use was strongest among persons who had used aspirin for 10 years or more; it remained statistically significant, except for esophageal cancer, in multivariate analyses that adjusted for other known risk factors. Biases such as early detection or aspirin avoidance among cases do not appear to explain the results. Our data suggest that regular, prolonged use of aspirin may reduce the risk of fatal cancer of the esophagus, stomach, colon, and rectum. Future epidemiological and basic research should examine all digestive tract cancers in considering the chemopreventive or therapeutic potential of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
Received 8/27/92. Accepted 1/11/93.
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H. Sawaoka, D. A. Dixon, J. A. Oates, and O. Boutaud Tristetraprolin Binds to the 3'-Untranslated Region of Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA. A POLYADENYLATION VARIANT IN A CANCER CELL LINE LACKS THE BINDING SITE J. Biol. Chem., April 11, 2003; 278(16): 13928 - 13935. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. W. Johnson, K. E. Anderson, D. Lazovich, and A. R. Folsom Association of Aspirin and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use with Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2002; 11(12): 1586 - 1591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Chen, N. Li, S. Wang, J. Hong, M. Fang, J. Yousselfson, P. Yang, R. A. Newman, R. A. Lubet, and C. S. Yang Aberrant arachidonic acid metabolism in esophageal adenocarcinogenesis, and the effects of sulindac, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, and {alpha}-difluoromethylornithine on tumorigenesis in a rat surgical model Carcinogenesis, December 1, 2002; 23(12): 2095 - 2102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. S. Zweifel, T. W. Davis, R. L. Ornberg, and J. L. Masferrer Direct Evidence for a Role of Cyclooxygenase 2-derived Prostaglandin E2 in Human Head and Neck Xenograft Tumors Cancer Res., November 15, 2002; 62(22): 6706 - 6711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. C. Trifan, W. F. Durham, V. S. Salazar, J. Horton, B. D. Levine, B. S. Zweifel, T. W. Davis, and J. L. Masferrer Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition with Celecoxib Enhances Antitumor Efficacy and Reduces Diarrhea Side Effect of CPT-11 Cancer Res., October 15, 2002; 62(20): 5778 - 5784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. Leitzmann, M. J. Stampfer, J. Ma, J. M. Chan, G. A. Colditz, W. C. Willett, and E. Giovannucci Aspirin Use in Relation to Risk of Prostate Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2002; 11(10): 1108 - 1111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. L. Vaughan, A. R. Kristal, P. L. Blount, D. S. Levine, P. C. Galipeau, L. J. Prevo, C. A. Sanchez, P. S. Rabinovitch, and B. J. Reid Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use, Body Mass Index, and Anthropometry in Relation to Genetic and Flow Cytometric Abnormalities in Barrett's Esophagus Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2002; 11(8): 745 - 752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. S. Carlton, R. Gopalakrishnan, A. Gupta, B. W. Liston, S. Habib, M. A. Morse, and G. D. Stoner Piroxicam Is an Ineffective Inhibitor of N-Nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced Tumorigenesis in the Rat Esophagus Cancer Res., August 1, 2002; 62(15): 4376 - 4382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Arico, S. Pattingre, C. Bauvy, P. Gane, A. Barbat, P. Codogno, and E. Ogier-Denis Celecoxib Induces Apoptosis by Inhibiting 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent Protein Kinase-1 Activity in the Human Colon Cancer HT-29 Cell Line J. Biol. Chem., July 26, 2002; 277(31): 27613 - 27621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. J. Baek, L. C. Wilson, C.-H. Lee, and T. E. Eling Dual Function of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase and Induction of NSAID-Activated Gene J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2002; 301(3): 1126 - 1131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S. Lauer Aspirin for Primary Prevention of Coronary Events N. Engl. J. Med., May 9, 2002; 346(19): 1468 - 1474. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. R. Munkarah, R. Morris, P. Baumann, G. Deppe, J. Malone, M. P. Diamond, and G. M. Saed Effects of Prostaglandin E2 on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells Reproductive Sciences, May 1, 2002; 9(3): 168 - 173. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. J. Thun, S. J. Henley, and C. Patrono Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs as Anticancer Agents: Mechanistic, Pharmacologic, and Clinical Issues J Natl Cancer Inst, February 20, 2002; 94(4): 252 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Pradono, R. Tazawa, M. Maemondo, M. Tanaka, K. Usui, Y. Saijo, K. Hagiwara, and T. Nukiwa Gene Transfer of Thromboxane A2 Synthase and Prostaglandin I2 Synthase Antithetically Altered Tumor Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth Cancer Res., January 1, 2002; 62(1): 63 - 66. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Q. Jiang, S. Christen, M. K Shigenaga, and B. N Ames {gamma}-Tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2001; 74(6): 714 - 722. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 U. Ladabaum, C. L. Chopra, G. Huang, J. M. Scheiman, M. E. Chernew, and A. M. Fendrick Aspirin as an Adjunct to Screening for Prevention of Sporadic Colorectal Cancer: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Ann Intern Med, November 6, 2001; 135(9): 769 - 781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. H. Klimp, H. Hollema, C. Kempinga, A. G. J. van der Zee, E. G. E. de Vries, and T. Daemen Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Human Ovarian Tumors and Tumor-associated Macrophages Cancer Res., October 1, 2001; 61(19): 7305 - 7309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. B. Signorello, W. Ye, J. P. Fryzek, L. Lipworth, J. F. Fraumeni Jr., W. J. Blot, J. K. McLaughlin, and O. Nyren Nationwide Study of Cancer Risk Among Hip Replacement Patients in Sweden J Natl Cancer Inst, September 19, 2001; 93(18): 1405 - 1410. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. I. Kim, Y. C. Lee, K. H. Lee, J. H. Han, C. Y. Chon, Y. M. Moon, J. K. Kang, and I. S. Park Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Mucosae of Mice: Apoptosis, Cell Proliferation, and Inflammatory Activity Infect. Immun., August 1, 2001; 69(8): 5056 - 5063. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.R. Paterson and J.R. Lawrence Salicylic acid: a link between aspirin, diet and the prevention of colorectal cancer QJM, August 1, 2001; 94(8): 445 - 448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Chen and C. S. Yang Esophageal adenocarcinoma: a review and perspectives on the mechanism of carcinogenesis and chemoprevention Carcinogenesis, August 1, 2001; 22(8): 1119 - 1129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Saukkonen, O. Nieminen, B. van Rees, S. Vilkki, M. Harkonen, M. Juhola, J.-P. Mecklin, P. Sipponen, and A. Ristimaki Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Dysplasia of the Stomach and in Intestinal-type Gastric Adenocarcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2001; 7(7): 1923 - 1931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Srivastava, M. Verma, and D. E. Henson Biomarkers for Early Detection of Colon Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2001; 7(5): 1118 - 1126. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. J. Baek, K.-S. Kim, J. B. Nixon, L. C. Wilson, and T. E. Eling Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Regulate the Expression of a TGF-{beta} Superfamily Member That Has Proapoptotic and Antitumorigenic Activities Mol. Pharmacol., April 1, 2001; 59(4): 901 - 908. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. D. Boudreau, K. H. Sohn, S. H. Rhee, S. W. Lee, J. D. Hunt, and D. H. Hwang Suppression of Tumor Cell Growth Both in Nude Mice and in Culture by n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Mediation through Cyclooxygenase-independent Pathways Cancer Res., February 1, 2001; 61(4): 1386 - 1391. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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E. J. Jacobs, C. J. Connell, A. V. Patel, A. Chao, C. Rodriguez, J. Seymour, M. L. McCullough, E. E. Calle, and M. J. Thun Vitamin C and Vitamin E Supplement Use and Colorectal Cancer Mortality in a Large American Cancer Society Cohort Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2001; 10(1): 17 - 23. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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K. Akre, L. B. Signorello, L. Engstrand, R. Bergström, S. Larsson, B. I. Eriksson, and O. Nyrén Risk for Gastric Cancer after Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Patients Undergoing Hip Replacement Cancer Res., November 1, 2000; 60(22): 6376 - 6380. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. F. Souza, K. Shewmake, D. G. Beer, B. Cryer, and S. J. Spechler Selective Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 Suppresses Growth and Induces Apoptosis in Human Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells Cancer Res., October 1, 2000; 60(20): 5767 - 5772. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. J. Thun, E. E. Calle, C. Rodriguez, and P. A. Wingo Epidemiological Research at the American Cancer Society Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2000; 9(9): 861 - 868. [Full Text]
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 F. A. Wollheim Selective Cox-2 inhibition in man--therapeutic breakthrough or cosmetic advance? Rheumatology, September 1, 2000; 39(9): 935 - 938. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Komhoff, Y. Guan, H. W. Shappell, L. Davis, G. Jack, Y. Shyr, M. O. Koch, S. B. Shappell, and M. D. Breyer Enhanced Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in High Grade Human Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinomas Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2000; 157(1): 29 - 35. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M J S Langman, K K Cheng, E A Gilman, and R J Lancashire Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on overall risk of common cancer: case-control study in general practice research database BMJ, June 17, 2000; 320(7250): 1642 - 1646. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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