This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Heerdt, B. G. Articles by Augenlicht, L. H. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Heerdt, B. G. Articles by Augenlicht, L. H.

Potentiation by Specific Short-Chain Fatty Acids of Differentiation and Apoptosis in Human Colonic Carcinoma Cell Lines¹

Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10467

The architecture of normal colonic mucosa suggests that terminally differentiated epithelial cells near the top of the crypt are extruded into the colonic lumen. Morphological studies have identified apoptotic cells among the differentiated phenotypes near the crypt-lumen interface, suggesting a link between pathways of differentiation, apoptosis, and cellular shedding. We studied these processes in HT29 and SW620 cells and found that compared to adherent cells, those cells which were shed during standard, uninduced culture conditions exhibited nonrandom DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis. Moreover, these apoptotic cells, which accumulate in the media, exhibited a more differentiated phenotype.

Because short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are natural effectors of colonic cell differentiation in vivo, we investigated the specificity of three 4-carbon atom SCFAs on potentiating differentiation and apoptosis, and thus accumulation of shed cells in the conditioned media, in these colonic carcinoma cell lines. Whereas the unbranched SCFA butyrate induced a more differentiated phenotype and enhanced apoptosis, two derivatives of butyrate, branched isobutyric acid and a nonmetabolizable fluorine-substituted analogue, heptafluorobutyric acid, were ineffective in inducing either differentiation or apoptosis. Thus, potentiated differentiation and apoptosis in colonic carcinoma cells were linked to SCFA structure and, most likely, utilization.

¹ This work was supported in part by American Institute for Cancer Research Grant 92A05, National Cancer Institute Grant P30-CA-1330, and a grant from the Aaron Diamond Foundation.

² To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467.

Received 1/27/94. Accepted 4/20/94.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				H. Bhatia, J. L. Hallock, A. Dutta, S. Karkashon, L. S. Sterner, T. Miyazaki, A. Dean, and J. A. Little Short-chain fatty acid-mediated effects on erythropoiesis in primary definitive erythroid cells Blood, June 18, 2009; 113(25): 6440 - 6448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Bhatnagar, X. Li, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, S. H. Garrett, and B. Guo 3,3'-Diindolylmethane Enhances the Efficacy of Butyrate in Colon Cancer Prevention through Down-Regulation of Survivin Cancer Prevention Research, June 1, 2009; 2(6): 581 - 589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Saksena, A. Dwivedi, R. K. Gill, A. Singla, W. A. Alrefai, J. Malakooti, K. Ramaswamy, and P. K. Dudeja PKC-dependent stimulation of the human MCT1 promoter involves transcription factor AP2 Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, February 1, 2009; 296(2): G275 - G283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. Wilson, D.-S. Byun, S. Nasser, L. B. Murray, K. Ayyanar, D. Arango, M. Figueroa, A. Melnick, G. D. Kao, L. H. Augenlicht, et al. HDAC4 Promotes Growth of Colon Cancer Cells via Repression of p21 Mol. Biol. Cell, October 1, 2008; 19(10): 4062 - 4075. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. T. Tan, S. Tan, Q. Lin, T. K. Lim, C. L. Hew, and M. C. M. Chung Quantitative and Temporal Proteome Analysis of Butyrate-treated Colorectal Cancer Cells Mol. Cell. Proteomics, June 1, 2008; 7(6): 1174 - 1185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M. Evans, W. Zhang, X. Chen, J. Yang, K. K. Bhakat, and C. Liu Kruppel-like Factor 4 Is Acetylated by p300 and Regulates Gene Transcription via Modulation of Histone Acetylation J. Biol. Chem., November 23, 2007; 282(47): 33994 - 34002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Md. R. Amin, P. K. Dudeja, K. Ramaswamy, and J. Malakooti Involvement of Sp1 and Sp3 in differential regulation of human NHE3 promoter activity by sodium butyrate and IFN-{gamma}/TNF-{alpha} Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): G374 - G382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Camarero, C. Mascaro, C. Mayordomo, F. Vilardell, D. Haro, and P. F. Marrero Ketogenic HMGCS2 Is a c-Myc Target Gene Expressed in Differentiated Cells of Human Colonic Epithelium and Down-Regulated in Colon Cancer Mol. Cancer Res., September 1, 2006; 4(9): 645 - 653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Weerasooriya, M. J. Rennie, S. Anant, D. H. Alpers, B. W. Patterson, and S. Klein Dietary fiber decreases colonic epithelial cell proliferation and protein synthetic rates in human subjects Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2006; 290(6): E1104 - E1108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. Wilson, D.-S. Byun, N. Popova, L. B. Murray, K. L'Italien, Y. Sowa, D. Arango, A. Velcich, L. H. Augenlicht, and J. M. Mariadason Histone Deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) and Other Class I HDACs Regulate Colon Cell Maturation and p21 Expression and Are Deregulated in Human Colon Cancer J. Biol. Chem., May 12, 2006; 281(19): 13548 - 13558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Shureiqi, Y. Wu, D. Chen, X. L. Yang, B. Guan, J. S. Morris, P. Yang, R. A. Newman, R. Broaddus, S. R. Hamilton, et al. The Critical Role of 15-Lipoxygenase-1 in Colorectal Epithelial Cell Terminal Differentiation and Tumorigenesis Cancer Res., December 15, 2005; 65(24): 11486 - 11492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. G. Heerdt, M. A. Houston, and L. H. Augenlicht The Intrinsic Mitochondrial Membrane Potential of Colonic Carcinoma Cells Is Linked to the Probability of Tumor Progression Cancer Res., November 1, 2005; 65(21): 9861 - 9867. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Vidyasagar, C. Barmeyer, J. Geibel, H. J. Binder, and V. M. Rajendran Role of short-chain fatty acids in colonic HCO3 secretion Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, June 1, 2005; 288(6): G1217 - G1226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Tong, L. Yin, S. Joshi, D. W. Rosenberg, and C. Giardina Cyclooxygenase-2 Regulation in Colon Cancer Cells: MODULATION OF RNA POLYMERASE II ELONGATION BY HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS J. Biol. Chem., April 22, 2005; 280(16): 15503 - 15509. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Jay, P. Berta, and P. Blache Expression of the Carcinoembryonic Antigen Gene Is Inhibited by SOX9 in Human Colon Carcinoma Cells Cancer Res., March 15, 2005; 65(6): 2193 - 2198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Yuan, F. J. Liddle, S. Mahajan, and D. A. Frank IL-6-induced survival of colorectal carcinoma cells is inhibited by butyrate through down-regulation of the IL-6 receptor Carcinogenesis, November 1, 2004; 25(11): 2247 - 2255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Ogawa, M. Iimura, L. Eckmann, and M. F. Kagnoff Regulated production of the chemokine CCL28 in human colon epithelium Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, November 1, 2004; 287(5): G1062 - G1069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-H. Kim, J.-W. Park, J.-Y. Lee, and T. K. Kwon Sodium butyrate sensitizes TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by induction of transcription from the DR5 gene promoter through Sp1 sites in colon cancer cells Carcinogenesis, October 1, 2004; 25(10): 1813 - 1820. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Coady, M.-H. Chang, F. M. Charron, C. Plata, B. Wallendorff, J. F. Sah, S. D. Markowitz, M. F. Romero, and J.-Y. Lapointe The human tumour suppressor gene SLC5A8 expresses a Na+-monocarboxylate cotransporter J. Physiol., June 15, 2004; 557(3): 719 - 731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Rouet-Benzineb, T. Aparicio, S. Guilmeau, C. Pouzet, V. Descatoire, M. Buyse, and A. Bado Leptin Counteracts Sodium Butyrate-induced Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer HT-29 Cells via NF-{kappa}B Signaling J. Biol. Chem., April 16, 2004; 279(16): 16495 - 16502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. R. Lupton Microbial Degradation Products Influence Colon Cancer Risk: the Butyrate Controversy J. Nutr., February 1, 2004; 134(2): 479 - 482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. A. Alrefai, S. Tyagi, R. Gill, S. Saksena, C. Hadjiagapiou, F. Mansour, K. Ramaswamy, and P. K. Dudeja Regulation of butyrate uptake in Caco-2 cells by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, February 1, 2004; 286(2): G197 - G203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. G. Heerdt, M. A. Houston, A. J. Wilson, and L. H. Augenlicht The Intrinsic Mitochondrial Membrane Potential ({Delta}{psi}m) Is Associated with Steady-State Mitochondrial Activity and the Extent to Which Colonic Epithelial Cells Undergo Butyrate-mediated Growth Arrest and Apoptosis Cancer Res., October 1, 2003; 63(19): 6311 - 6319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. Wilson, D. Arango, J. M. Mariadason, B. G. Heerdt, and L. H. Augenlicht TR3/Nur77 in Colon Cancer Cell Apoptosis Cancer Res., September 1, 2003; 63(17): 5401 - 5407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Klampfer, J. Huang, T. Sasazuki, S. Shirasawa, and L. Augenlicht Inhibition of Interferon {gamma} Signaling by the Short Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate Mol. Cancer Res., September 1, 2003; 1(11): 855 - 862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Marcil, E. Delvin, C. Garofalo, and E. Levy Butyrate Impairs Lipid Transport by Inhibiting Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein in Caco-2 Cells J. Nutr., July 1, 2003; 133(7): 2180 - 2183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. H. Augenlicht, A. Velcich, L. Klampfer, J. Huang, G. Corner, M. Aranes, C. Laboisse, B. Rigas, M. Lipkin, K. Yang, et al. Application of Gene Expression Profiling to Colon Cell Maturation, Transformation and Chemoprevention J. Nutr., July 1, 2003; 133(7): 2410S - 2416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A Buda, D Qualtrough, M A Jepson, D Martines, C Paraskeva, and M Pignatelli Butyrate downregulates {alpha}2{beta}1 integrin: a possible role in the induction of apoptosis in colorectal cancer cell lines Gut, May 1, 2003; 52(5): 729 - 734. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J Schauber, C Svanholm, S Termen, K Iffland, T Menzel, W Scheppach, R Melcher, B Agerberth, H Luhrs, and G H Gudmundsson Expression of the cathelicidin LL-37 is modulated by short chain fatty acids in colonocytes: relevance of signalling pathways Gut, May 1, 2003; 52(5): 735 - 741. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				N. Camarero, A. Nadal, M. J. Barrero, D. Haro, and P. F. Marrero Histone deacetylase inhibitors stimulate mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase gene expression via a promoter proximal Sp1 site Nucleic Acids Res., March 15, 2003; 31(6): 1693 - 1703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T.J. Collard, M. Guy, A.J. Butt, C.M. Perks, J.M.P. Holly, C. Paraskeva, and A.C. Williams Transcriptional upregulation of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein IGFBP-3 by sodium butyrate increases IGF-independent apoptosis in human colonic adenoma-derived epithelial cells Carcinogenesis, March 1, 2003; 24(3): 393 - 401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T Ohkusa, I Okayasu, T Ogihara, K Morita, M Ogawa, and N Sato Induction of experimental ulcerative colitis by Fusobacterium varium isolated from colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis Gut, January 1, 2003; 52(1): 79 - 83. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Claus, D. Losel, M. Lacorn, J. Mentschel, and H. Schenkel Effects of butyrate on apoptosis in the pig colon and its consequences for skatole formation and tissue accumulation J Anim Sci, January 1, 2003; 81(1): 239 - 248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. H. Augenlicht, J. M. Mariadason, A. Wilson, D. Arango, W. Yang, B. G. Heerdt, and A. Velcich Short Chain Fatty Acids and Colon Cancer J. Nutr., December 1, 2002; 132(12): 3804S - 3808. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Henningsson, I. M. E. Bjorck, and E. M. G. L. Nyman Combinations of Indigestible Carbohydrates Affect Short-Chain Fatty Acid Formation in the Hindgut of Rats J. Nutr., October 1, 2002; 132(10): 3098 - 3104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Q. Wang, X. Wang, A. Hernandez, M. R. Hellmich, Z. Gatalica, and B. M. Evers Regulation of TRAIL Expression by the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt/GSK-3 Pathway in Human Colon Cancer Cells J. Biol. Chem., September 20, 2002; 277(39): 36602 - 36610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D Qualtrough, T Hinoi, E Fearon, and C Paraskeva Expression of CDX2 in normal and neoplastic human colon tissue and during differentiation of an in vitro model system Gut, August 1, 2002; 51(2): 184 - 190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Gelebart, T. Kovacs, J.-P. Brouland, R. van Gorp, J. Grossmann, N. Rivard, Y. Panis, V. Martin, R. Bredoux, J. Enouf, et al. Expression of Endomembrane Calcium Pumps in Colon and Gastric Cancer Cells. INDUCTION OF SERCA3 EXPRESSION DURING DIFFERENTIATION J. Biol. Chem., July 12, 2002; 277(29): 26310 - 26320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. P. Russo, B. L. Bennett, A. M. Manning, D. A. Brenner, and C. Jobin Differential requirement for NF-kappa B-inducing kinase in the induction of NF-kappa B by IL-1beta , TNF-alpha , and Fas Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, July 1, 2002; 283(1): C347 - C357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Hase, L. Eckmann, J. D. Leopard, N. Varki, and M. F. Kagnoff Cell Differentiation Is a Key Determinant of Cathelicidin LL-37/Human Cationic Antimicrobial Protein 18 Expression by Human Colon Epithelium Infect. Immun., February 1, 2002; 70(2): 953 - 063. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. A. C. S. Wong and M. Pignatelli {beta}-Catenin--A Linchpin in Colorectal Carcinogenesis? Am. J. Pathol., February 1, 2002; 160(2): 389 - 401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. R. Kiela, E. R. Hines, J. F. Collins, and F. K. Ghishan Regulation of the rat NHE3 gene promoter by sodium butyrate Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, October 1, 2001; 281(4): G947 - G956. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. L. Leng, K. S. Leeding, P. R. Gibson, and L. A. Bach Insulin-like growth factor-II renders LIM 2405 human colon cancer cells resistant to butyrate-induced apoptosis: a potential mechanism for colon cancer cell survival in vivo Carcinogenesis, October 1, 2001; 22(10): 1625 - 1631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. Yang, A. Velcich, J. Mariadason, C. Nicholas, G. Corner, M. Houston, W. Edelmann, R. Kucherlapati, P. R. Holt, and L. H. Augenlicht p21WAF1/cip1 Is an Important Determinant of Intestinal Cell Response to Sulindac in Vitro and in Vivo Cancer Res., August 1, 2001; 61(16): 6297 - 6302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. L. Topping and P. M. Clifton Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Human Colonic Function: Roles of Resistant Starch and Nonstarch Polysaccharides Physiol Rev, July 1, 2001; 81(3): 1031 - 1064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. T. Wu, S. Y. Archer, B. Hinnebusch, S. Meng, and R. A. Hodin Transient vs. prolonged histone hyperacetylation: effects on colon cancer cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, March 1, 2001; 280(3): G482 - G490. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. G. Heerdt, M. A. Houston, J. M. Mariadason, and L. H. Augenlicht Dissociation of Staurosporine-induced Apoptosis from G2-M Arrest in SW620 Human Colonic Carcinoma Cells: Initiation of the Apoptotic Cascade Is Associated with Elevation of the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential ({{Delta}}{{psi}}m) Cancer Res., December 1, 2000; 60(23): 6704 - 6713. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J.-L. Shie, Z. Y. Chen, M. J. O'Brien, R. G. Pestell, M.-E. Lee, and C.-C. Tseng Role of gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor in colonic cell growth and differentiation Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, October 1, 2000; 279(4): G806 - G814. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J Vonk, R. E Hagedoorn, R. de Graaff, H. Elzinga, S. Tabak, Y.-X. Yang, and F. Stellaard Digestion of so-called resistant starch sources in the human small intestine Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2000; 72(2): 432 - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Mariadason, G. A. Corner, and L. H. Augenlicht Genetic Reprogramming in Pathways of Colonic Cell Maturation Induced by Short Chain Fatty Acids: Comparison with Trichostatin A, Sulindac, and Curcumin and Implications for Chemoprevention of Colon Cancer Cancer Res., August 1, 2000; 60(16): 4561 - 4572. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				Y. Huang, C. M. Horvath, and S. Waxman Regrowth of 5-Fluorouracil-treated Human Colon Cancer Cells Is Prevented by the Combination of Interferon {{gamma}}, Indomethacin, and Phenylbutyrate Cancer Res., June 1, 2000; 60(12): 3200 - 3206. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				G. D. Díaz, C. Paraskeva, M. G. Thomas, L. Binderup, and A. Hague Apoptosis Is Induced by the Active Metabolite of Vitamin D3 and Its Analogue EB1089 in Colorectal Adenoma and Carcinoma Cells: Possible Implications for Prevention and Therapy Cancer Res., April 1, 2000; 60(8): 2304 - 2312. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				T. E. Crew, D. J.E. Elder, and C. Paraskeva A cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug enhances the growth inhibitory effect of butyrate in colorectal carcinoma cells expressing COX-2 protein: regulation of COX-2 by butyrate Carcinogenesis, January 1, 2000; 21(1): 69 - 77. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. H. Augenlicht, G. M. Anthony, T. L. Church, W. Edelmann, R. Kucherlapati, K. Yang, M. Lipkin, and B. G. Heerdt Short-Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism, Apoptosis, and Apc-initiated Tumorigenesis in the Mouse Gastrointestinal Mucosa Cancer Res., December 1, 1999; 59(23): 6005 - 6009. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. E. Harrison, Q. M. Wang, and G. P. Studzinski Butyrate-Induced G2/M Block in Caco-2 Colon Cancer Cells is Associated with Decreased p34cdc2 Activity Experimental Biology and Medicine, November 1, 1999; 222(2): 150 - 156. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Bordonaro, J. M. Mariadason, F. Aslam, B. G. Heerdt, and L. H. Augenlicht Butyrate-induced Apoptotic Cascade in Colonic Carcinoma Cells: Modulation of the {beta}-Catenin-Tcf Pathway and Concordance with Effects of Sulindac and Trichostatin A but not Curcumin Cell Growth Differ., October 1, 1999; 10(10): 713 - 720. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				W. G. Kirlin, J. Cai, M. J. DeLong, E. J. Patten, and D. P. Jones Dietary Compounds That Induce Cancer Preventive Phase 2 Enzymes Activate Apoptosis at Comparable Doses in HT29 Colon Carcinoma Cells J. Nutr., October 1, 1999; 129(10): 1827 - 1835. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				L U Liu, P R Holt, V Krivosheyev, and S F Moss Human right and left colon differ in epithelial cell apoptosis and in expression of Bak, a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 homologue Gut, July 1, 1999; 45(1): 45 - 50. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. L. Rickard, P. R. Gibson, G. P. Young, and W. A. Phillips Activation of protein kinase C augments butyrate-induced differentiation and turnover in human colonic epithelial cells in vitro Carcinogenesis, June 1, 1999; 20(6): 977 - 984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. G. Heerdt, M. A. Houston, G. M. Anthony, and L. H. Augenlicht Initiation of Growth Arrest and Apoptosis of MCF-7 Mammary Carcinoma Cells by Tributyrin, a Triglyceride Analogue of the Short-Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate,Is Associated with Mitochondrial Activity Cancer Res., April 1, 1999; 59(7): 1584 - 1591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E Cohen, I Ophir, and Y. Shaul Induced differentiation in HT29, a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line J. Cell Sci., January 8, 1999; 112(16): 2657 - 2666. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Zhang, G. Wu, R. S. Chapkin, and J. R. Lupton Energy Metabolism of Rat Colonocytes Changes during the Tumorigenic Process and Is Dependent on Diet and Carcinogen J. Nutr., August 1, 1998; 128(8): 1262 - 1269. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. Grossmann, J. M. Maxson, C. M. Whitacre, D. E. Orosz, N. A. Berger, C. Fiocchi, and A. D. Levine New Isolation Technique to Study Apoptosis in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 1998; 153(1): 53 - 62. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Grossmann, S. Mohr, E. G. Lapetina, C. Fiocchi, and A. D. Levine Sequential and rapid activation of select caspases during apoptosis of normal intestinal epithelial cells Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, June 1, 1998; 274(6): G1117 - G1124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. A. Jones and G. J. Gores Physiology and pathophysiology of apoptosis in epithelial cells of the liver, pancreas, and intestine Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, December 1, 1997; 273(6): G1174 - G1188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. A. Parsels, R. C. Zellars, T. L. Loney, J. D. Parsels, M. F. Clarke, A. K. Merchant, T. S. Lawrence, and J. Maybaum Prevention of Fluorodeoxyuridine-Induced Cytotoxicity and DNA Damage in HT29 Colon Carcinoma Cells by Conditional Expression of Wild-Type p53 Phenotype Mol. Pharmacol., October 1, 1997; 52(4): 600 - 605. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. Fitzgerald, M. Omary, and G Triadafilopoulos Acid modulation of HT29 cell growth and differentiation. An in vitro model for Barrett's esophagus J. Cell Sci., January 3, 1997; 110(5): 663 - 671. [Abstract] [PDF]

				H. M. Aukema, L. A. Davidson, B. C. Pence, Y.-H. Jiang, J. R. Lupton, and R. S. Chapkin Butyrate Alters Activity of Specific cAMP-Receptor Proteins in a Transgenic Mouse Colonic Cell Line J. Nutr., January 1, 1997; 127(1): 18 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				D. Courilleau, E. Chastre, M. Sabbah, G. Redeuilh, A. Atfi, and J. Mester B-ind1, a Novel Mediator of Rac1 Signaling Cloned from Sodium Butyrate-treated Fibroblasts J. Biol. Chem., June 2, 2000; 275(23): 17344 - 17348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. S. Peters, X. Liang, S. Li, S. Kannan, Y. Peng, R. Taub, and R. H. Diamond ATF-7, a Novel bZIP Protein, Interacts with the PRL-1 Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase J. Biol. Chem., April 20, 2001; 276(17): 13718 - 13726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Yang, Y. Kawai, R. W. Hanson, and I. J. Arinze Sodium Butyrate Induces Transcription from the Galpha i2 Gene Promoter through Multiple Sp1 Sites in the Promoter and by Activating the MEK-ERK Signal Transduction Pathway J. Biol. Chem., July 6, 2001; 276(28): 25742 - 25752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]