This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Giovannucci, E. Articles by Willett, W. C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Giovannucci, E. Articles by Willett, W. C.

Intake of Fat, Meat, and Fiber in Relation to Risk of Colon Cancer in Men¹

Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital [E. G., M. J. S., G. A. C., W. C. W.], and Department of Epidemiology [E. B. R., M. J. S., G. A. C., A. A., W. C. W.] and Nutrition [E. B. R., M. J. S., A. A., W. C. W.], Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115

Some evidence suggests that diets high in animal fat or red meat may increase the risk of colon cancer, whereas high intake of fiber or vegetables may be protective. Frequently, intake of red meat has been a stronger risk factor than total fat. Because data from prospective cohort studies are sparse, we examined fat, meat, fiber, and vegetable intake in relation to risk of colon cancer in a cohort of 47,949 U.S. male health professionals who were free of diagnosed cancer in 1986. At baseline, these men, 40 to 75 years of age, completed a validated food frequency questionnaire and provided detailed information on other lifestyle and health-related factors. Between 1986 and 1992, 205 new cases of colon cancer were diagnosed in these men. Intakes of total fat, saturated fat, and animal fat were not related to risk of colon cancer. However, an elevated risk of colon cancer was associated with red meat intake (relative risk, 1.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–2.55 between high and low quintiles; P = 0.005 for trend). Men who ate beef, pork, or lamb as a main dish five or more times per week had a relative risk of 3.57 (95% confidence interval, 1.58–8.06; P = 0.01 for trend) compared to men eating these foods less than once per month. The association with red meat was not confounded appreciably by other dietary factors, physical activity, body mass, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, or aspirin use. Other sources of animal fat, including dairy products, poultry, and fish as well as vegetable fat, were slightly inversely related to risk of colon cancer. No clear association existed between fiber or vegetable intake and risk of colon cancer. These data support the hypothesis that intake of red meat is related to an elevated risk of colon cancer.

¹ Supported by Grants CA 55075 and HL 35464 from the NIH and Special Institution Grant 18 from the American Cancer Society. G. A. C. is supported by a Faculty Research Award (FRA-398) from the American Cancer Society.

² To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Channing Laboratory, 180 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115.

Received 12/ 6/93. Accepted 3/ 3/94.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. S Michaud, C. N Holick, T. T Batchelor, E. Giovannucci, and D. J Hunter Prospective study of meat intake and dietary nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosamines and risk of adult glioma Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2009; 90(3): 570 - 577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. D Alexander, C. A Cushing, K. A Lowe, B. Sceurman, and M. A Roberts Meta-analysis of animal fat or animal protein intake and colorectal cancer Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1402 - 1409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. E Fraser Vegetarian diets: what do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1607S - 1612S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. R. Daniel, M. L. McCullough, R. C. Patel, E. J. Jacobs, W. D. Flanders, M. J. Thun, and E. E. Calle Dietary Intake of {omega}-6 and {omega}-3 Fatty Acids and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Men and Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2009; 18(2): 516 - 525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Y. Kim and O. Kwon Garlic intake and cancer risk: an analysis using the Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2009; 89(1): 257 - 264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. K Virtanen, D. Mozaffarian, S. E Chiuve, and E. B Rimm Fish consumption and risk of major chronic disease in men Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2008; 88(6): 1618 - 1625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Phang, J. Pandhare, and Y. Liu The Metabolism of Proline as Microenvironmental Stress Substrate J. Nutr., October 1, 2008; 138(10): 2008S - 2015S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. M. Lakshmi, F. F. Hsu, and T. V. Zenser N-Demethylation Is a Major Route of 2-Amino-3-Methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline Metabolism in Mouse Drug Metab. Dispos., June 1, 2008; 36(6): 1143 - 1152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. N. Hall, J. E. Chavarro, I-M. Lee, W. C. Willett, and J. Ma A 22-year Prospective Study of Fish, n-3 Fatty Acid Intake, and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Men Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2008; 17(5): 1136 - 1143. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. de Vogel, W. B. van-Eck, A. L.A. Sesink, D. S.M.L. Jonker-Termont, J. Kleibeuker, and R. van der Meer Dietary heme injures surface epithelium resulting in hyperproliferation, inhibition of apoptosis and crypt hyperplasia in rat colon Carcinogenesis, February 1, 2008; 29(2): 398 - 403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Geelen, J. M. Schouten, C. Kamphuis, B. E. Stam, J. Burema, J. M. S. Renkema, E.-J. Bakker, P. van't Veer, and E. Kampman Fish Consumption, n-3 Fatty Acids, and Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2007; 166(10): 1116 - 1125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. N. T. Ngo, D. B. Williams, L. Cobiac, and R. J. Head Does Garlic Reduce Risk of Colorectal Cancer? A Systematic Review J. Nutr., October 1, 2007; 137(10): 2264 - 2269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Meyerhardt, D. Niedzwiecki, D. Hollis, L. B. Saltz, F. B. Hu, R. J. Mayer, H. Nelson, R. Whittom, A. Hantel, J. Thomas, et al. Association of Dietary Patterns With Cancer Recurrence and Survival in Patients With Stage III Colon Cancer JAMA, August 15, 2007; 298(7): 754 - 764. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Al-Kuraya, H. Novotny, P. Bavi, A. K Siraj, S. Uddin, A. Ezzat, N. A. Sanea, F. Al-Dayel, H. Al-Mana, S. S Sheikh, et al. HER2, TOP2A, CCND1, EGFR and C-MYC oncogene amplification in colorectal cancer J. Clin. Pathol., July 1, 2007; 60(7): 768 - 772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Wakai, C. Date, M. Fukui, K. Tamakoshi, Y. Watanabe, N. Hayakawa, M. Kojima, M. Kawado, K. Suzuki, S. Hashimoto, et al. Dietary Fiber and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2007; 16(4): 668 - 675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. J. Armbrecht, V. M. Lakshmi, J. Wickstra, F. F. Hsu, and T. V. Zenser Metabolism of a Heterocyclic Amine Colon Carcinogen in Young and Old Rats Drug Metab. Dispos., April 1, 2007; 35(4): 633 - 639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. N. Hall, H. Campos, H. Li, H. D. Sesso, M. J. Stampfer, W. C. Willett, and J. Ma Blood Levels of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Aspirin, and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2007; 16(2): 314 - 321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Kamangar, G. M. Dores, and W. F. Anderson Patterns of Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Prevalence Across Five Continents: Defining Priorities to Reduce Cancer Disparities in Different Geographic Regions of the World J. Clin. Oncol., May 10, 2006; 24(14): 2137 - 2150. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. F. Balder, J. Vogel, M. C.J.F. Jansen, M. P. Weijenberg, P. A. van den Brandt, S. Westenbrink, R. van der Meer, and R. A. Goldbohm Heme and chlorophyll intake and risk of colorectal cancer in the Netherlands cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2006; 15(4): 717 - 725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. H. MacLean, S. J. Newberry, W. A. Mojica, P. Khanna, A. M. Issa, M. J. Suttorp, Y.-W. Lim, S. B. Traina, L. Hilton, R. Garland, et al. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review JAMA, January 25, 2006; 295(4): 403 - 415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Park, D. J. Hunter, D. Spiegelman, L. Bergkvist, F. Berrino, P. A. van den Brandt, J. E. Buring, G. A. Colditz, J. L. Freudenheim, C. S. Fuchs, et al. Dietary Fiber Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies JAMA, December 14, 2005; 294(22): 2849 - 2857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Sorensen, E. Barbeau, A. M. Stoddard, M. K. Hunt, K. Kaphingst, and L. Wallace Promoting Behavior Change Among Working-Class, Multiethnic Workers: Results of the Healthy Directions--Small Business Study Am J Public Health, August 1, 2005; 95(8): 1389 - 1395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. de Vogel, D. S. M. L. Jonker-Termont, M. B. Katan, and R. van der Meer Natural Chlorophyll but Not Chlorophyllin Prevents Heme-Induced Cytotoxic and Hyperproliferative Effects in Rat Colon J. Nutr., August 1, 2005; 135(8): 1995 - 2000. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Norat, S. Bingham, P. Ferrari, N. Slimani, M. Jenab, M. Mazuir, K. Overvad, A. Olsen, A. Tjonneland, F. Clavel, et al. Meat, Fish, and Colorectal Cancer Risk: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition J Natl Cancer Inst, June 15, 2005; 97(12): 906 - 916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. T. Chan, J. Ma, G. J. Tranah, E. L. Giovannucci, N. Rifai, D. J. Hunter, and C. S. Fuchs Hemochromatosis Gene Mutations, Body Iron Stores, Dietary Iron, and Risk of Colorectal Adenoma in Women J Natl Cancer Inst, June 15, 2005; 97(12): 917 - 926. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M. Emmons, C. M. McBride, E. Puleo, K. I. Pollak, E. Clipp, K. Kuntz, B. H. Marcus, M. Napolitano, J. Onken, F. Farraye, et al. Project PREVENT: A Randomized Trial to Reduce Multiple Behavioral Risk Factors for Colon Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2005; 14(6): 1453 - 1459. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Seium, R. Stupp, T. Ruhstaller, P. Gervaz, G. Mentha, M. Philippe, A. Allal, C. Trembleau, J. Bauer, R. Morant, et al. Oxaliplatin combined with irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (OCFL) in metastatic colorectal cancer: a phase I-II study Ann. Onc., May 1, 2005; 16(5): 762 - 766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Oh, W. C. Willett, C. S. Fuchs, and E. Giovannucci Dietary Marine n-3 Fatty Acids in Relation to Risk of Distal Colorectal Adenoma in Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2005; 14(4): 835 - 841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. B. Michels, C. S. Fuchs, E. Giovannucci, G. A. Colditz, D. J. Hunter, M. J. Stampfer, and W. C. Willett Fiber Intake and Incidence of Colorectal Cancer among 76,947 Women and 47,279 Men Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2005; 14(4): 842 - 849. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. de Vogel, D. S.M.L. Jonker-Termont, E. M.M. van Lieshout, M. B. Katan, and R. van der Meer Green vegetables, red meat and colon cancer: chlorophyll prevents the cytotoxic and hyperproliferative effects of haem in rat colon Carcinogenesis, February 1, 2005; 26(2): 387 - 393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Chao, M. J. Thun, C. J. Connell, M. L. McCullough, E. J. Jacobs, W. D. Flanders, C. Rodriguez, R. Sinha, and E. E. Calle Meat Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer JAMA, January 12, 2005; 293(2): 172 - 182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Lin, S. M. Zhang, N. R. Cook, I-M. Lee, and J. E. Buring Dietary Fat and Fatty Acids and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Women Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2004; 160(10): 1011 - 1022. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. R. English, R. J. MacInnis, A. M. Hodge, J. L. Hopper, A. M. Haydon, and G. G. Giles Red Meat, Chicken, and Fish Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2004; 13(9): 1509 - 1514. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. C Larsson, M. Kumlin, M. Ingelman-Sundberg, and A. Wolk Dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: a review of potential mechanisms Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2004; 79(6): 935 - 945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. G Muir, E. G. Yeow, J. Keogh, C. Pizzey, A. R Bird, K. Sharpe, K. O'Dea, and F. A Macrae Combining wheat bran with resistant starch has more beneficial effects on fecal indexes than does wheat bran alone Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2004; 79(6): 1020 - 1028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. S. Tsao, E. S. Kim, and W. K. Hong Chemoprevention of Cancer CA Cancer J Clin, May 1, 2004; 54(3): 150 - 180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. L Slattery, K. P Curtin, S. L Edwards, and D. M Schaffer Plant foods, fiber, and rectal cancer Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2004; 79(2): 274 - 281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Mai and J. G. Morris Jr. Colonic Bacterial Flora: Changing Understandings in the Molecular Age J. Nutr., February 1, 2004; 134(2): 459 - 464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. B. Boyd Insulin and Cancer Integr Cancer Ther, December 1, 2003; 2(4): 315 - 329. [Abstract] [PDF]

				L. B. Bailey Folate, Methyl-Related Nutrients, Alcohol, and the MTHFR 677C->T Polymorphism Affect Cancer Risk: Intake Recommendations J. Nutr., November 1, 2003; 133(11): 3748S - 3753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Kritchevsky Diet and Cancer: What's Next? J. Nutr., November 1, 2003; 133(11): 3827S - 3829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Flood, E. M. Velie, R. Sinha, N. Chaterjee, J. V. Lacey Jr., C. Schairer, and A. Schatzkin Meat, Fat, and Their Subtypes as Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer in a Prospective Cohort of Women Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2003; 158(1): 59 - 68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. S. Michaud, E. Giovannucci, W. C. Willett, G. A. Colditz, and C. S. Fuchs Dietary Meat, Dairy Products, Fat, and Cholesterol and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in a Prospective Study Am. J. Epidemiol., June 15, 2003; 157(12): 1115 - 1125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Nkondjock, B. Shatenstein, P. Maisonneuve, and P. Ghadirian Assessment of risk associated with specific fatty acids and colorectal cancer among French-Canadians in Montreal: a case-control study Int. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2003; 32(2): 200 - 209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A Lawlor and A. R Ness Commentary: The rough world of nutritional epidemiology: Does dietary fibre prevent large bowel cancer? Int. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2003; 32(2): 239 - 243. [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. C-H. Chiu, B.-T. Ji, Q. Dai, G. Gridley, J. K. McLaughlin, Y.-T. Gao, J. F. Fraumeni Jr., and W.-H. Chow Dietary Factors and Risk of Colon Cancer in Shanghai, China Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2003; 12(3): 201 - 208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. M. Butler, R. Sinha, R. C. Millikan, C. F. Martin, B. Newman, M. D. Gammon, A. S. Ammerman, and R. S. Sandler Heterocyclic Amines, Meat Intake, and Association with Colon Cancer in a Population-based Study Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2003; 157(5): 434 - 445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Goldman and P. G. Shields Food Mutagens J. Nutr., March 1, 2003; 133(3): 965S - 973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Fung, F. B. Hu, C. Fuchs, E. Giovannucci, D. J. Hunter, M. J. Stampfer, G. A. Colditz, and W. C. Willett Major Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Women Arch Intern Med, February 10, 2003; 163(3): 309 - 314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. L McCullough, D. Feskanich, M. J Stampfer, E. L Giovannucci, E. B Rimm, F. B Hu, D. Spiegelman, D. J Hunter, G. A Colditz, and W. C Willett Diet quality and major chronic disease risk in men and women: moving toward improved dietary guidance Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2002; 76(6): 1261 - 1271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. T. Jacobs, A. R. Giuliano, D. J. Roe, J. M. Guillen-Rodriguez, D. S. Alberts, and M. E. Martinez Baseline Dietary Fiber Intake and Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence in the Wheat Bran Fiber Randomized Trial J Natl Cancer Inst, November 6, 2002; 94(21): 1620 - 1625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. M. de Jong, I. M. Nolte, G. J. te Meerman, W. T. A. van der Graaf, E. G. E. de Vries, R. H. Sijmons, R. M. W. Hofstra, and J. H. Kleibeuker Low-penetrance Genes and Their Involvement in Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2002; 11(11): 1332 - 1352. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Sachse, G. Smith, M. J.V. Wilkie, J. H. Barrett, R. Waxman, F. Sullivan, D. Forman, D. T. Bishop, and C.R. Wolf A pharmacogenetic study to investigate the role of dietary carcinogens in the etiology of colorectal cancer Carcinogenesis, November 1, 2002; 23(11): 1839 - 1850. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A. Bingham, R. Hughes, and A. J. Cross Effect of White Versus Red Meat on Endogenous N-Nitrosation in the Human Colon and Further Evidence of a Dose Response J. Nutr., November 1, 2002; 132(11): 3522S - 3525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. T. Jacobs, A. R. Giuliano, D. J. Roe, J. M. Guillen-Rodriguez, L. M. Hess, D. S. Alberts, and M. E. Martinez Intake of Supplemental and Total Fiber and Risk of Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence in the Wheat Bran Fiber Trial Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2002; 11(9): 906 - 914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Giovannucci Response to Dr. William Grant J. Nutr., August 1, 2002; 132(8): 2325 - 2325. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. Nathan The Impact of Clinical Trials on the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2002; 87(5): 1929 - 1937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. L. A. Sesink, D. S. M. L. Termont, J. H. Kleibeuker, and R. Van der Meer Red meat and colon cancer: dietary haem-induced colonic cytotoxicity and epithelial hyperproliferation are inhibited by calcium Carcinogenesis, October 1, 2001; 22(10): 1653 - 1659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Terry, E. Giovannucci, K. B. Michels, L. Bergkvist, H. Hansen, L. Holmberg, and A. Wolk Fruit, Vegetables, Dietary Fiber, and Risk of Colorectal Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, April 4, 2001; 93(7): 525 - 533. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P J Roberts, G P Riley, K Morgan, R Miller, J O Hunter, and S J Middleton The physiological expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the human colon J. Clin. Pathol., April 1, 2001; 54(4): 293 - 297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Kono All epidemiological evidence is important in colorectal cancer BMJ, March 10, 2001; 322(7286): 611 - 611. [Full Text]

				J. A. Heddle, M. G. Knize, D. Dawod, and X.-B. Zhang A test of the mutagenicity of cooked meats in vivo Mutagenesis, March 1, 2001; 16(2): 103 - 107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. T. Fleischauer and L. Arab Garlic and Cancer: A Critical Review of the Epidemiologic Literature J. Nutr., March 1, 2001; 131(3): 1032S - 1040. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				W. C. Willett Diet and Cancer: One View at the Start of the Millennium Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2001; 10(1): 3 - 8. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				L. E. Voorrips, R. A. Goldbohm, G. van Poppel, F. Sturmans, R. J. J. Hermus, and P. A. van den Brandt Vegetable and Fruit Consumption and Risks of Colon and Rectal Cancer in a Prospective Cohort Study The Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer Am. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2000; 152(11): 1081 - 1092. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. L McCullough, D. Feskanich, M. J Stampfer, B. A Rosner, F. B Hu, D. J Hunter, J. N Variyam, G. A Colditz, and W. C Willett Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2000; 72(5): 1214 - 1222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. L McCullough, D. Feskanich, E. B Rimm, E. L Giovannucci, A. Ascherio, J. N Variyam, D. Spiegelman, M. J Stampfer, and W. C Willett Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in men Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2000; 72(5): 1223 - 1231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Law Dietary fat and adult diseases and the implications for childhood nutrition: an epidemiologic approach Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2000; 72 (5): 1291S - 1296S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. T Fleischauer, C. Poole, and L. Arab Garlic consumption and cancer prevention: meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach cancers Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2000; 72(4): 1047 - 1052. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. C. Willett Diet and Cancer Oncologist, October 1, 2000; 5(5): 393 - 404. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				N. Ishibe, M. Stampfer, D. J. Hunter, C. Hennekens, and K. T. Kelsey A Prospective Study of Cytochrome P450 1A1 Polymorphisms and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Men Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2000; 9(8): 855 - 856. [Full Text]

				P. A. Janne and R. J. Mayer Chemoprevention of Colorectal Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., June 29, 2000; 342(26): 1960 - 1968. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. McKean-Cowdin, H. S. Feigelson, R. K. Ross, M. C. Pike, and B. E. Henderson Declining Cancer Rates in the 1990s J. Clin. Oncol., June 11, 2000; 18(11): 2258 - 2268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Mutanen, A.-M. Pajari, and S. I. Oikarinen Beef induces and rye bran prevents the formation of intestinal polyps in ApcMin mice: relation to {beta}-catenin and PKC isozymes Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2000; 21(6): 1167 - 1173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Schatzkin, E. Lanza, D. Corle, P. Lance, F. Iber, B. Caan, M. Shike, J. Weissfeld, R. Burt, M. R. Cooper, et al. Lack of Effect of a Low-Fat, High-Fiber Diet on the Recurrence of Colorectal Adenomas N. Engl. J. Med., April 20, 2000; 342(16): 1149 - 1155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. S. Alberts, M. E. Martinez, D. J. Roe, J. M. Guillen-Rodriguez, J. R. Marshall, J. B. van Leeuwen, M. E. Reid, C. Ritenbaugh, P. A. Vargas, A.B. Bhattacharyya, et al. Lack of Effect of a High-Fiber Cereal Supplement on the Recurrence of Colorectal Adenomas N. Engl. J. Med., April 20, 2000; 342(16): 1156 - 1162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. L. A. Sesink, D. S. M. L. Termont, J. H. Kleibeuker, and R. Van der Meer Red Meat and Colon Cancer: The Cytotoxic and Hyperproliferative Effects of Dietary Heme Cancer Res., November 1, 1999; 59(22): 5704 - 5709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. S. Alberts A Unifying Vision of Cancer Therapy for the 21st Century J. Clin. Oncol., November 1, 1999; 17(90001): 13 - 21. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Shibutani, A. Fernandes, N. Suzuki, L. Zhou, F. Johnson, and A. P. Grollman Mutagenesis of the N-(Deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine DNA Adduct in Mammalian Cells. SEQUENCE CONTEXT EFFECTS J. Biol. Chem., September 24, 1999; 274(39): 27433 - 27438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. W. Voskuil, K. Augustsson, P. W. Dickman, P. van’t Veer, and G. Steineck Assessing the Human Intake of Heterocyclic Amines: Limited Loss of Information Using Reduced Sets of Questions Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 1999; 8(9): 809 - 814. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				L. H Kushi, K. A Meyer, and D. R Jacobs Jr Cereals, legumes, and chronic disease risk reduction: evidence from epidemiologic studies Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 1999; 70(3): 451S - 458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. J Key, G. E Fraser, M. Thorogood, P. N Appleby, V. Beral, G. Reeves, M. L Burr, J. Chang-Claude, R. Frentzel-Beyme, J. W Kuzma, et al. Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 1999; 70(3): 516S - 524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. C Nieman Physical fitness and vegetarian diets: is there a relation? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 1999; 70(3): 570S - 575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. E. Schoen, C. M. Tangen, L. H. Kuller, G. L. Burke, M. Cushman, R. P. Tracy, A. Dobs, and P. J. Savage Increased Blood Glucose and Insulin, Body Size, and Incident Colorectal Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, July 7, 1999; 91(13): 1147 - 1154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L Freudenheim Study design and hypothesis testing: issues in the evaluation of evidence from research in nutritional epidemiology Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 1999; 69 (6): 1315S - 1321S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. S. Fuchs, E. L. Giovannucci, G. A. Colditz, D. J. Hunter, M. J. Stampfer, B. Rosner, F. E. Speizer, and W. C. Willett Dietary Fiber and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer and Adenoma in Women N. Engl. J. Med., January 21, 1999; 340(3): 169 - 176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Kampman, M. L. Slattery, J. Bigler, M. Leppert, W. Samowitz, B. J. Caan, and J. D. Potter Meat Consumption, Genetic Susceptibility, and Colon Cancer Risk: A United States Multicenter Case-Control Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 1999; 8(1): 15 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				K. E. Soyars and J. G. Fischer Iron Supplementation Does Not Affect Cell Proliferation or Aberrant Crypt Foci Development in the Colon of Sprague-Dawley Rats J. Nutr., April 1, 1998; 128(4): 764 - 770. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				F A Macrae, D Kilias, L Selbie, M Abbott, K Sharpe, and G P Young Effect of cereal fibre source and processing on rectal epithelial cell proliferation Gut, August 1, 1997; 41(2): 239 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. S. Wasan, M. Novelli, J. Bee, and W. F. Bodmer Dietary fat influences on polyp phenotype in multiple intestinal neoplasia mice PNAS, April 1, 1997; 94(7): 3308 - 3313. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]