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An Abnormality in the p53 Pathway following -Irradiation in Many Wild-Type p53 Human Melanoma Lines

Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Maryland 20892 [I. B., M. L. S., M. S. S., Q. Z. P. M. O., A. J. F.]; Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 21702 [D. A. S.]; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129 [S. H. F.]

DNA-damaging agents such as ionizing radiation (IR) activate the tumor suppressor p53, and, in turn, p53 transactivates a number of downstream effector genes such as GADD45, CIP1/WAF1, and MDM2. The induction of these downstream genes following IR appears to be strictly dependent upon the presence of wild-type functional p53 known to evoke G₁ arrest. In this study, we characterized 56 cell lines from 9 different tumor types with predetermined p53 genotype by measuring the induction of GADD45, CIP1/WAF1, and MDM2 relative mRNA levels after IR. A higher fraction of melanoma lines had wild-type (wt) p53 (5/8, or 63%) compared to the nonmelanoma lines (11/48, or 23%). Most wt p53 (nonmelanoma) cell lines (11/12, or 92%) showed clear induction of both GADD45 and CIP1/WAF1. On the other hand, many wt p53 melanoma lines (4/5, or 80%) showed normal induction of CIP1/WAF1, but little or no induction of GADD45. Despite this defect in GADD45 induction, we found that all wt p53 melanoma lines exhibited strong G₁ arrest and increased levels of p53 protein after IR. The results demonstrated that radiation-induced G₁ arrest could occur by the p53-CIP1/WAF1 pathway without appreciable induction of GADD45 in melanoma lines. Time course experiments demonstrated prolonged induced expression of CIP1/WAF1 mRNA transcripts in melanoma lines in which GADD45 induction was lacking, suggesting some sort of compensatory mechanism involving CIP1/WAF1, in cell lines with defective GADD45 induction. We could reproduce this compensatory effect in RKO colon carcinoma cells in which GADD45 expression was blocked by constitutive antisense vectors. These findings reveal that defective induction of GADD45 following IR is common in human melanoma cell lines.

¹ Present address: Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University of School Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140.

² Present address: Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

³ To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 37, Room 5C09, Bethesda, MD 20892.

Received 6/29/95. Accepted 12/15/95.

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