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Oxidation of Cyclophosphamide to 4-Hydroxycyclophosphamide and Deschloroethylcyclophosphamide in Human Liver Microsomes¹

Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 [S. R., J-S. Y., T. F. K., J. T. S.]; the Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul 122-020, Korea [J-S. Y.]; and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024 [J. T. S.]

We have investigated the formation of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (HCY) and deschloroethylcyclophosphamide (DCCY) from cyclophosphamide (CY) in human liver microsomes. For HCY, the estimated values (mean ± SD; n = 3) of K_m1 and K_m2 were 0.095 ± 0.072 and 5.09 ± 4.30 mM, and the estimated values of V_max1 and V_max2 were 0.138 ± 0.070 and 1.55 ± 0.50 nmol/min/mg protein. For DCCY, K_m1 and K_m2 were 0.046 ± 0.017 and 8.58 ± 5.84 mM, and V_max1 and V_max2 were 0.006 ± 0.003 and 0.274 ± 0.214 nmol/min/mg protein. At Cy concentrations of 0.1, 0.7, and 5 mM, HCY respectively accounted for 95.7 ± 1.3, 95.1 ± 2.4, and 90.7 ± 2.7% of the total products of CY (HCY + DCCY; n = 6). In a separate experiment, 98.7 ± 11.9% (n = 3) of CY loss could be accounted for by the formation of HCY at 0.1 mM CY. On the basis of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform-specific chemical inhibitor and cDNA-expressed human P450 isozyme studies, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4/5 seemed to be the major P450 isoforms responsible for HCY formation at low (0.1 mM) and high (0.7 and 5 mM) concentrations of CY, respectively. Although orphenadrine inhibition was observed in human liver microsomes (which has been taken to indicate CYP2B6 catalysis), orphenadrine inhibited cDNA-expressed CYP3A4 formation of HCY to the same extent observed in human liver microsomes, and the addition of orphenadrine to incubations containing sulfaphenazole (a specific inhibitor of CYP2C9) or troleandomycin (a specific CYP3A inhibitor) did not increase inhibition beyond that observed with sulfaphenazole or troleandomycin alone. Similar studies indicated that CYP3A4/5 was the major P450 isoform responsible for DCCY formation at high (0.7 and 5 mM) concentrations of CY. The P450 isoform responsible for DCCY formation at 0.1 mM CY could not be identified due to its very low formation rate.

¹ Supported in part by NIH Grants CA 18029 and GM 32165.

² To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, AB-122, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024. Phone: (206) 667-3372; Fax: (206) 667-6115; E-mail: jts@u.washington.edu.

Received 3/ 4/97. Accepted 7/28/97.

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