| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Laboratories of Molecular Carcinogenesis [S. E. D., J. C. B.], Toxicology [F. W. K.], Environmental Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis [J. F.], and Experimental Pathology [J. R. L., G. T., R. W.], National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Diet contributes to over one-third of cancer deaths in the Western world, yet the factors in the diet that influence cancer are not elucidated. A reduction in caloric intake dramatically slows cancer progression in rodents, and this may be a major contribution to dietary effects on cancer. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is lowered during dietary restriction (DR) in both humans and rats. Because IGF-I modulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis, the mechanisms behind the protective effects of DR may depend on the reduction of this multifaceted growth factor. To test this hypothesis, IGF-I was restored during DR to ascertain if lowering of IGF-I was central to slowing bladder cancer progression during DR. Heterozygous p53-deficient mice received a bladder carcinogen, p-cresidine, to induce preneoplasia. After confirmation of bladder urothelial preneoplasia, the mice were divided into three groups: (a) ad libitum; (b) 20% DR; and (c) 20% DR pius IGF-I (IGF-I/DR). Serum IGF-I was lowered 24% by DR but was completely restored in the IGF-I/DR-treated mice using recombinant IGF-I administered via osmotic minipumps. Although tumor progression was decreased by DR, restoration of IGF-I serum levels in DR-treated mice increased the stage of the cancers. Furthermore, IGF-I modulated tumor progression independent of changes in body weight. Rates of apoptosis in the preneoplastic lesions were 10 times higher in DR-treated mice compared to those in IGF/DR- and ad libitum-treated mice. Administration of IGF-I to DR-treated mice also stimulated cell proliferation 6-fold in hyperplastic foci. In conclusion, DR lowered IGF-I levels, thereby favoring apoptosis over cell proliferation and ultimately slowing tumor progression. This is the first mechanistic study demonstrating that IGF-I supplementation abrogates the protective effect of DR on neoplastic progression.
1 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Received 7/22/97. Accepted 9/22/97.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  L. Raffaghello, C. Lee, F. M. Safdie, M. Wei, F. Madia, G. Bianchi, and V. D. Longo From the Cover: Reactive Oxygen Species Special Feature: Starvation-dependent differential stress resistance protects normal but not cancer cells against high-dose chemotherapy PNAS, June 17, 2008; 105(24): 8215 - 8220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Moore, L. Beltran, S. Carbajal, S. Strom, J. Traag, S. D. Hursting, and J. DiGiovanni Dietary Energy Balance Modulates Signaling through the Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathways in Multiple Epithelial Tissues Cancer Prevention Research, June 1, 2008; 1(1): 65 - 76. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Moore, S. Carbajal, L. Beltran, S. N. Perkins, S. Yakar, D. LeRoith, S. D. Hursting, and J. DiGiovanni Reduced Susceptibility to Two-Stage Skin Carcinogenesis in Mice with Low Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Levels Cancer Res., May 15, 2008; 68(10): 3680 - 3688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. N Pollak Insulin, insulin-like growth factors, insulin resistance, and neoplasia Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2007; 86(3): 820S - 821S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Schaffer, A. Koushik, H. Trottier, E. Duarte-Franco, N. Mansour, J. Arseneau, D. Provencher, L. Gilbert, W. Gotlieb, A. Ferenczy, et al. Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Risk of High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2007; 16(4): 716 - 722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. A. Samani, S. Yakar, D. LeRoith, and P. Brodt The Role of the IGF System in Cancer Growth and Metastasis: Overview and Recent Insights Endocr. Rev., February 1, 2007; 28(1): 20 - 47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Fontana, S. Klein, and J. O Holloszy Long-term low-protein, low-calorie diet and endurance exercise modulate metabolic factors associated with cancer risk Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2006; 84(6): 1456 - 1462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Yakar, N. P. Nunez, P. Pennisi, P. Brodt, H. Sun, L. Fallavollita, H. Zhao, L. Scavo, R. Novosyadlyy, N. Kurshan, et al. Increased Tumor Growth in Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity: Impact of Ovarian Hormones Endocrinology, December 1, 2006; 147(12): 5826 - 5834. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. S. Chen and P. G. Wells Enhanced tumorigenesis in p53 knockout mice exposed in utero to high-dose vitamin E Carcinogenesis, July 1, 2006; 27(7): 1358 - 1368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. K. Al-Delaimy, L. Natarajan, C. L. Rock, S. Sun, S. W. Flatt, and J. P. Pierce Insulin-like growth factor I, insulin-like growth factor I binding protein 1, insulin, glucose, and leptin serum levels are not influenced by a reduced-fat, high-fiber diet intervention. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2006; 15(6): 1238 - 1239. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. D. Yumuk and P. F. Yumuk What Links Obesity to Cancer? Indoor and Built Environment, December 1, 2005; 14(6): 527 - 532. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P Cabanas, T Garcia-Caballero, J Barreiro, L Castro-Feijoo, R Gallego, T Arevalo, R Canete, and M Pombo Papillary thyroid carcinoma after recombinant GH therapy for Turner syndrome Eur. J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2005; 153(4): 499 - 502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. O. Keku, P. K. Lund, J. Galanko, J. G. Simmons, J. T. Woosley, and R. S. Sandler Insulin Resistance, Apoptosis, and Colorectal Adenoma Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2005; 14(9): 2076 - 2081. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. E. Sonntag, C. S. Carter, Y. Ikeno, K. Ekenstedt, C. S. Carlson, R. F. Loeser, S. Chakrabarty, S. Lee, C. Bennett, R. Ingram, et al. Adult-Onset Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Deficiency Reduces Neoplastic Disease, Modifies Age-Related Pathology, and Increases Life Span Endocrinology, July 1, 2005; 146(7): 2920 - 2932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Stewart, K. Koehler, W. Jackson, J. Hawley, W. Wang, A. Au, R. Myers, and D. F. Birt Prevention of mouse skin tumor promotion by dietary energy restriction requires an intact adrenal gland and glucocorticoid supplementation restores inhibition Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2005; 26(6): 1077 - 1084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. A. Hsieh, C. M. Chai, and M. K. Hellerstein Effects of caloric restriction on cell proliferation in several tissues in mice: role of intermittent feeding Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2005; 288(5): E965 - E972. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. W. Voskuil, A. Vrieling, L. J. van't Veer, E. Kampman, and M. A. Rookus The Insulin-like Growth Factor System in Cancer Prevention: Potential of Dietary Intervention Strategies Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 195 - 203. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. C. Patel, N. P. Nunez, S. N. Perkins, J. C. Barrett, and S. D. Hursting Effects of Energy Balance on Cancer in Genetically Altered Mice J. Nutr., December 1, 2004; 134(12): 3394S - 3398S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. J. Thompson, Z. Zhu, and W. Jiang Weight Control and Breast Cancer Prevention: Are the Effects of Reduced Energy Intake Equivalent to Those of Increased Energy Expenditure? J. Nutr., December 1, 2004; 134(12): 3407S - 3411S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. M. Curtin, M. A. Higuchi, P. H. Ayres, J. E. Swauger, and A. T. Mosberg Lung Tumorigenicity in A/J and rasH2 Transgenic Mice Following Mainstream Tobacco Smoke Inhalation Toxicol. Sci., September 1, 2004; 81(1): 26 - 34. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. D. Hursting, J. A. Lavigne, D. Berrigan, L. A. Donehower, B. J. Davis, J. M. Phang, J. C. Barrett, and S. N. Perkins Diet-Gene Interactions in p53-Deficient Mice: Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 as a Mechanistic Target J. Nutr., September 1, 2004; 134(9): 2482S - 2486S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Stattin, S. Rinaldi, C. Biessy, U.-H. Stenman, G. Hallmans, and R. Kaaks High Levels of Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Increase Prostate Cancer Risk: A Prospective Study in a Population-Based Nonscreened Cohort J. Clin. Oncol., August 1, 2004; 22(15): 3104 - 3112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Tsuchiya, J. M. Dhahbi, X. Cui, P. L. Mote, A. Bartke, and S. R. Spindler Additive regulation of hepatic gene expression by dwarfism and caloric restriction Physiol Genomics, May 19, 2004; 17(3): 307 - 315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Jiang, Z. Zhu, J. N. McGinley, and H. J. Thompson Adrenalectomy Does Not Block the Inhibition of Mammary Carcinogenesis by Dietary Energy Restriction in Rats J. Nutr., May 1, 2004; 134(5): 1152 - 1156. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. F. Muller, J. J. Kopchick, A. Flyvbjerg, and A. J. van der Lely Growth Hormone Receptor Antagonists J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 1503 - 1511. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Hamed, H. LaRue, H. Hovington, J. Girard, L. Jeannotte, E. Latulippe, and Y. Fradet Accelerated Induction of Bladder Cancer in Patched Heterozygous Mutant Mice Cancer Res., March 15, 2004; 64(6): 1938 - 1942. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Diet-Gene Interactions in p53-Deficient Mice: IGF-1 as a Molecular Target: STEPHEN D. HURSTING, 1 JACKIEA. LAVIGNE,1 DAVIDBERRIGAN,1 BARBARA J. DAVIS,2 LARRY A. DONEHOWER,3 J. CARL BARRETT,1 AND SUSAN N. PERKINS, 1 1 National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; 2National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709; 3Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 Toxicol Pathol, January 1, 2004; 32(1): 140 - 141. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Administration on Body Composition and Gene Expression in Calorie Restricted Mice: JACKIE A. LAVIGNE, STEPHEN D. HURSTING, DAVID BERRIGAN, SUSAN N. PERKINS, AND J. CARL BARRETT, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-4264 Toxicol Pathol, January 1, 2004; 32(1): 161 - 161. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Barbieri, M. Bonafe, C. Franceschi, and G. Paolisso Insulin/IGF-I-signaling pathway: an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of longevity from yeast to humans Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2003; 285(5): E1064 - E1071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Raju and R. P. Bird Energy Restriction Reduces the Number of Advanced Aberrant Crypt Foci and Attenuates the Expression of Colonic Transforming Growth Factor {beta} and Cyclooxygenase Isoforms in Zucker Obese (fa/fa) Rats Cancer Res., October 15, 2003; 63(20): 6595 - 6601. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. M. Probst-Hensch, H. Wang, V. H. H. Goh, A. Seow, H.-P. Lee, and M. C. Yu Determinants of Circulating Insulin-like Growth Factor I and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 Concentrations in a Cohort of Singapore Men and Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2003; 12(8): 739 - 746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Spentzos, C. Mantzoros, M. M. Regan, M. E. Morrissey, S. Duggan, S. Flickner-Garvey, H. McCormick, W. DeWolf, S. Balk, and G. J. Bubley Minimal Effect of a Low-Fat/High Soy Diet for Asymptomatic, Hormonally Naive Prostate Cancer Patients Clin. Cancer Res., August 1, 2003; 9(9): 3282 - 3287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. H. Ngo, R. J. Barnard, P. Cohen, S. Freedland, C. Tran, F. deGregorio, Y. I. Elshimali, D. Heber, and W. J. Aronson Effect of Isocaloric Low-fat Diet on Human LAPC-4 Prostate Cancer Xenografts in Severe Combined Immunodeficient Mice and the Insulin-like Growth Factor Axis Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2003; 9(7): 2734 - 2743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Duan, Z. Guo, H. Jiang, M. Ware, and M. P. Mattson Reversal of Behavioral and Metabolic Abnormalities, and Insulin Resistance Syndrome, by Dietary Restriction in Mice Deficient in Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Endocrinology, June 1, 2003; 144(6): 2446 - 2453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Anson, Z. Guo, R. de Cabo, T. Iyun, M. Rios, A. Hagepanos, D. K. Ingram, M. A. Lane, and M. P. Mattson Intermittent fasting dissociates beneficial effects of dietary restriction on glucose metabolism and neuronal resistance to injury from calorie intake PNAS, May 13, 2003; 100(10): 6216 - 6220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. J. Schouten, R. A. Goldbohm, and P. A. van den Brandt Height, Weight, Weight Change, and Ovarian Cancer Risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2003; 157(5): 424 - 433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. D. Longo and C. E. Finch Evolutionary Medicine: From Dwarf Model Systems to Healthy Centenarians? Science, February 28, 2003; 299(5611): 1342 - 1346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-L. Sun, J.-M. Yuan, K. Arakawa, S.-H. Low, H.-P. Lee, and M. C. Yu Dietary Soy and Increased Risk of Bladder Cancer: the Singapore Chinese Health Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2002; 11(12): 1674 - 1677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. A. Platz Energy Imbalance and Prostate Cancer J. Nutr., November 1, 2002; 132(11): 3471S - 3481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Jiang, Z. Zhu, N. Bhatia, R. Agarwal, and H. J. Thompson Mechanisms of Energy Restriction: Effects of Corticosterone on Cell Growth, Cell Cycle Machinery, and Apoptosis Cancer Res., September 15, 2002; 62(18): 5280 - 5287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Holmes, M. N. Pollak, W. C. Willett, and S. E. Hankinson Dietary Correlates of Plasma Insulin-like Growth Factor I and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 Concentrations Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2002; 11(9): 852 - 861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Hunt, P. Toniolo, A. Akhmedkhanov, A. Lukanova, H. Dechaud, S. Rinaldi, A. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, R. E. Shore, E. Riboli, and R. Kaaks Insulin-like Growth Factor II and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2002; 11(9): 901 - 905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Yu, F. Jin, X.-O. Shu, B. D. L. Li, Q. Dai, J.-R. Cheng, H. J. Berkel, and W. Zheng Insulin-like Growth Factors and Breast Cancer Risk in Chinese Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2002; 11(8): 705 - 712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Sandhu, D. B. Dunger, and E. L. Giovannucci Insulin, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I), IGF Binding Proteins, Their Biologic Interactions, and Colorectal Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, July 3, 2002; 94(13): 972 - 980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. L. Walford, D. Mock, R. Verdery, and T. MacCallum Calorie Restriction in Biosphere 2: Alterations in Physiologic, Hematologic, Hormonal, and Biochemical Parameters in Humans Restricted for a 2-Year Period J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., June 1, 2002; 57(6): B211 - 224. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S. Carter, M. M. Ramsey, R. L. Ingram, A. B. Cashion, W. T. Cefalu, Z.Q. Wang, and W. E. Sonntag Models of Growth Hormone and IGF-1 Deficiency: Applications to Studies of Aging Processes and Life-Span Determination J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., May 1, 2002; 57(5): B177 - 188. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Wu, S. Yakar, L. Zhao, L. Hennighausen, and D. LeRoith Circulating Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Levels Regulate Colon Cancer Growth and Metastasis Cancer Res., February 1, 2002; 62(4): 1030 - 1035. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. D. Hursting, S. N. Perkins, J. M. Phang, and J. C. Barrett Diet and Cancer Prevention Studies in p53-Deficient Mice J. Nutr., November 1, 2001; 131(11): 3092S - 3094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Giovannucci Insulin, Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Colon Cancer: A Review of the Evidence J. Nutr., November 1, 2001; 131(11): 3109S - 3120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Przybyszewski, A. L. Yaktine, E. Duysen, D. Blackwood, W. Wang, A. Au, and D. F. Birt Inhibition of phorbol ester-induced AP-1-DNA binding, c-Jun protein and c-jun mRNA by dietary energy restriction is reversed by adrenalectomy in SENCAR mouse epidermis Carcinogenesis, September 1, 2001; 22(9): 1421 - 1427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Rodriguez, A. V. Patel, E. E. Calle, E. J. Jacobs, A. Chao, and M. J. Thun Body Mass Index, Height, and Prostate Cancer Mortality in Two Large Cohorts of Adult Men in the United States Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2001; 10(4): 345 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. D. Hursting, S. N. Perkins, L. A. Donehower, and B. J. Davis Cancer Prevention Studies in p53-Deficient Mice Toxicol Pathol, January 1, 2001; 29(1): 137 - 141. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Michaud, D. Spiegelman, S. K. Clinton, E. B. Rimm, W. C. Willett, and E. Giovannucci Prospective Study of Dietary Supplements, Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Risk of Bladder Cancer in US Men Am. J. Epidemiol., December 15, 2000; 152(12): 1145 - 1153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Stattin, A. Bylund, S. Rinaldi, C. Biessy, H. Dechaud, U.-H. Stenman, L. Egevad, E. Riboli, G. Hallmans, and R. Kaaks Plasma Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Proteins, and Prostate Cancer Risk: a Prospective Study J Natl Cancer Inst, December 6, 2000; 92(23): 1910 - 1917. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. D. Smith, D. Gunnell, and J. Holly Cancer and insulin-like growth factor-I BMJ, October 7, 2000; 321(7265): 847 - 848. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Yu and T. Rohan Role of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Family in Cancer Development and Progression J Natl Cancer Inst, September 20, 2000; 92(18): 1472 - 1489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. M. Khandwala, I. E. McCutcheon, A. Flyvbjerg, and K. E. Friend The Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factors on Tumorigenesis and Neoplastic Growth Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2000; 21(3): 215 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Delker, B. L. Yano, and B. B. Gollapudi Evaluation of Cytotoxicity, Cell Proliferation, and Genotoxicity Induced by p-Cresidine in Hetero- and Nullizygous Transgenic p53 Mice Toxicol. Sci., June 1, 2000; 55(2): 361 - 369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. P. Perera and I.B. Weinstein Molecular epidemiology: recent advances and future directions Carcinogenesis, March 1, 2000; 21(3): 517 - 524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. E. Calle, M. J. Thun, J. M. Petrelli, C. Rodriguez, and C. W. Heath Body-Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults N. Engl. J. Med., October 7, 1999; 341(15): 1097 - 1105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
