[Cancer Research 58, 2323-2327, June 1, 1998]
© 1998 American Association for Cancer Research
Antioxidants Reduce Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression, Prostaglandin Production, and Proliferation in Colorectal Cancer Cells1
Rebecca Chinery,
R. Daniel Beauchamp,
Yu Shyr,
Susan C. Kirkland,
Robert J. Coffey2 and
Jason D. Morrow
Departments of Medicine [R. C., R. J. C., J. D. M.], Cell Biology [R. C., R. D. B., R. J. C.], Surgery [R. D. B.], Preventive Medicine [Y. S.], and Pharmacology [J. D. M.], The Vanderbilt Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center [R. J. C.], Nashville, Tennessee 37232; Department of Histopathology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London W12 OHS, United Kingdom [S. C. K.]
Increased expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) and overproduction of prostaglandins (PGs) have been implicated in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent observations suggest that reactive oxygen intermediates play a role in tumor cell growth regulation and expression of the inducible COX, COX-2. We therefore evaluated the effects of various antioxidants on COX expression and cellular growth in the human CRC cell line HCA-7. The antioxidants pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC), N-acetylcysteine, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), and U74006 decreased PG production, intracellular redox status, and cellular growth in a concentration-dependent manner. The decrease in cellular growth was associated with the induction of apoptosis. Unlike the selective COX inhibitors 1-[(4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-3-trifluoromethyl-5-[(4-fluoro)phenyl]pyrazole (SC 58125) and (2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide (NS 398) that inhibit COX-2 catalytic activity, these antioxidants decreased COX-2 expression at the transcriptional level. Combined treatment of HCA-7 cells with PDTC and SC 58125 resulted in an additive decrease in PG levels and anchorage-dependent and -independent growth. Furthermore, whereas antioxidants or SC 58125 reduced tumor growth in vivo, coadministration of PDTC and SC 58125 resulted in actual tumor regression. These results suggest that combined therapy with NSAIDs and antioxidants might be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of CRC.
1 Supported by NIH Grants DK48831 and GM15431 (to J. D. M.), CA46413 (to R. J. C.), DK52334 and CA69457 (to R. D. B.), and CA68485. R. J. C. is a Veterans Affairs Clinical Investigator. R. J. C. acknowledges the generous support of the Joseph and Mary Keller Foundation.
2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at G1 Cancer Program, CC-2218 Medical Center North, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2583. Phone: (615) 343-6230; Fax: (615) 343 1591; E-mail: coffeyrj@ctrvax.vanderbilt.edu.
Received 1/13/98.
Accepted 4/17/98.
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Copyright © 1998 by the American Association for Cancer Research.
