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Department of Pediatrics [C. W. G., K. G. H., S. H. H., F. S. F.] and Surgery [D. K., J. L. M.], The Laboratories for Reproductive Biology [C. W. G., K. G. H., S. H. H., F. S. F.], and The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center [F. S. F., S. H. H., J. L. M.], The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 [T. G. P.]
The human prostate cancer (CaP) xenograft, CWR22, mimics human CaP. CWR22 grows in testosterone-stimulated nude mice, regresses after castration, and recurs after 5–6 months in the absence of testicular androgen. Like human CaP that recurs during androgen deprivation therapy, the recurrent CWR22 expresses high levels of androgen receptor (AR). Immunohistochemical, Western, and Northern blot analyses demonstrated that AR expression in the androgen-independent CWR22 is similar to AR expression in the androgen-dependent CWR22 prior to castration. Expression of prostate-specific antigen and human kallikrein-2 mRNAs, two well-characterized androgen-regulated genes in human CaP, was androgen dependent in CWR22. Despite the absence of testicular androgen, prostate-specific antigen and human kallikrein-2 mRNA levels in recurrent CWR22 were higher than the levels in regressing CWR22 tumors from 12-day castrate mice and similar to those in the androgenstimulated CWR22. Other AR-regulated genes followed a similar pattern of expression. Differential expression screening identified androgen regulation of 
-enolase and -tubulin as well as other unknown mRNAs. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5, the homeobox gene Nkx 3.1, the AR coactivator ARA-70, and cell cycle genes Cdk1 and Cdk2 were androgen regulated in CWR22. In recurrent CWR22, the steady-state levels of all these AR-dependent mRNAs were similar to those in the androgen-stimulated CWR22, despite the absence of testicular androgen. Expression of AR and AR-regulated genes in the androgen-deprived recurrent CWR22 at levels similar to the androgen-stimulated CWR22 suggests that AR is transcriptionally active in recurrent CWR22. Induction of these AR-regulated genes may enhance cellular proliferation in relative androgen absence but through an AR-dependent mechanism. Alternatively, in androgen-independent tumors, induced expression of the AR-regulated gene network might result from a non-AR transcription control mechanism common to these genes.
1 Supported by NIH Grants AG11343 (National Cancer Institute Prostate Cancer Cooperative Network; to J. L. M. and F. S. F.), P30 HD18968 (DNA and Tissue Culture Cores). R37 HD04466 (to F. S. F.), P30 CA16086 (Tumor Model Facility), and The American Foundation for Urologic Disease and Merck US Human Health (to C. W. G.).
2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Pediatrics, CB# 7500, 382 MSRB, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. Phone: (919) 966-0930; Fax: (919) 966-2203; E-mail: fsfrench@med.unc.edu.
Received 6/ 8/98. Accepted 10/14/98.
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