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Tumor Biology |
Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention [X-C. X., X. L., S. M. L.], and Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology [R. L.], University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, and the First Department of Pathology, Hiroshima University, School of Medicine, Hiroshima, Japan [E. T.]
Retinoids exhibit chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive activities, possibly due to their ability to modulate cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. These effects are thought to be mediated by nuclear retinoic acid (RA) receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors, each of which includes three subtypes (
, ß, and 
) that act as transcription factors. To determine whether RARs play a role in mediating the effects of RA on human esophageal cancer (HEC) cells, we analyzed the effects of RA on: (a) the growth, differentiation, and apoptosis in seven HEC cell lines; (b) receptor expression; (c) receptor modulation by RA; and (d) expression of receptors in 20 surgical HEC specimens. RA inhibited the growth of five of seven cell lines and also the constitutive expression of the squamous differentiation markers cytokeratin 1 and transglutaminase I in all cell lines. The growth inhibition by RA was due to the induction of apoptosis in the five cell lines. All seven cell lines expressed RAR- and RAR-, and four cell lines showed some changes by RA, but not associated with apoptosis. In contrast, RAR-ß was expressed in five of seven cell lines and up-regulated by RA in these five cell lines, which were associated with apoptosis. Two cell lines that failed to express RAR-ß showed no growth inhibition or apoptosis and no RAR-ß inducibility. Interestingly, only these two cell lines were able to form colonies in soft agar. RAR-, RAR-ß, and RAR- mRNAs were expressed in all 20 adjacent normal esophageal tissues. The expression of RAR- and RAR- remains positive in HEC specimens, but RAR-ß expression was detected in only 6 of 20 HEC specimens. These data suggest that the expression of RAR-ß is associated with response of HEC cells to RA and that the loss of RAR-ß expression may be associated with HEC development.
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