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Departments of Immunology [V. K., R. G. U., R. B., J. H. F.], Urology [R. G. U., R. B., A. C. N., J. H. F.], Experimental Therapeutics [V. K., R. B., J. H. F.], and Pathology [E. D. H.], The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, and Department of Urology, Division of Urologic Oncology, The New York Hospital, Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York 10021 [N. H. B.]
The antitumor effect of immuno- and chemotherapeutic agents is executed through stimulation of apoptotic programs in susceptible cells. Apoptosis induced in tumor cells requires activation of members of the caspase family of proteases. Deficient expression or activation of caspases may account in part for the failure of many current anticancer therapies. However, recent studies suggest that cell death can proceed in the absence of caspases. We investigated the susceptibility of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) lines to two distinct modes of cell death, apoptosis and necrosis. RCC lines displayed almost complete resistance to apoptosis in response to the intracellular zinc chelator, N,N,N'N'-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN), which instead induced dramatic accumulation of nonapoptotic necrotic cells. Conversely, TPEN was a potent inducer of apoptosis in caspase-competent normal kidney cells (NK-72) and Jurkat T lymphocytes. Resistance to apoptosis in RCC lines correlated with almost complete loss of caspase-3 expression and variable down-regulation of caspase-7, caspase-8, and caspase-10. These data may explain the resistance of RCC to drugs inducing apoptosis and have important consequences for further attempts to manipulate tumor cell death.
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