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[Cancer Research 59, 5160-5168, October 1, 1999]
© 1999 American Association for Cancer Research
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[Cancer Research 59, 5160-5168, October 15, 1999]
© 1999 American Association for Cancer Research

Clinical Investigations

Induction of Immunity to Prostate Cancer Antigens: Results of a Clinical Trial of Vaccination with Irradiated Autologous Prostate Tumor Cells Engineered to Secrete Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Using ex Vivo Gene Transfer1

Jonathan W. Simons2, Bahar Mikhak3, Ju-Fay Chang3, Angelo M. DeMarzo, Michael A. Carducci, Michael Lim, Christine E. Weber, Angelo A. Baccala, Marti A. Goemann, Shirley M. Clift, Dale G. Ando, Hyam I. Levitsky, Lawrence K. Cohen, Martin G. Sanda, Richard C. Mulligan, Alan W. Partin, H. Ballentine Carter, Steven Piantadosi, Fray F. Marshall and William G. Nelson

Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Brady Urological Institute, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287 [J. W. S., B. M., A. M. D., M. A. C., M. L., C. E. W., A. A. B., M. A. G., H. I. L., A. W. P., H. B. C., S. P., F. F. M., W. G. N.]; University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019 [M. G. S.]; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Boston, and Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 [L. K. C., R. C. M.]; and Cell Genesys, Inc., Foster City, California 94404 [J-F. C., S. M. C., D. G. A.]

Vaccination with irradiated granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting gene-transduced cancer vaccines induces tumoricidal immune responses. In a Phase I human gene therapy trial, eight immunocompetent prostate cancer (PCA) patients were treated with autologous, GM-CSF-secreting, irradiated tumor vaccines prepared from ex vivo retroviral transduction of surgically harvested cells. Expansion of primary cultures of autologous vaccine cells was successful to meet trial specifications in 8 of 11 cases (73%); the yields of the primary culture cell limited the number of courses of vaccination. Side effects were pruritis, erythema, and swelling at vaccination sites. Vaccine site biopsies manifested infiltrates of dendritic cells and macrophages among prostate tumor vaccine cells. Vaccination activated new T-cell and B-cell immune responses against PCA antigens. T-cell responses, evaluated by assessing delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions against untransduced autologous tumor cells, were evident in two of eight patients before vaccination and in seven of eight patients after treatment. Reactive DTH site biopsies manifested infiltrates of effector cells consisting of CD45RO+ T-cells, and degranulating eosinophils consistent with activation of both Th1 and Th2 T-cell responses. A distinctive eosinophilic vasculitis was evident near autologous tumor cells at vaccine sites, and at DTH sites. B-cell responses were also induced. Sera from three of eight vaccinated men contained new antibodies recognizing polypeptides of 26, 31, and 150 kDa in protein extracts from prostate cells. The 150-kDa polypeptide was expressed by LNCaP and PC-3 PCA cells, as well as by normal prostate epithelial cells, but not by prostate stromal cells. No antibodies against prostate-specific antigen were detected. These data suggest that both T-cell and B-cell immune responses to human PCA can be generated by treatment with irradiated, GM-CSF gene-transduced PCA vaccines.




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Annual Meeting Education Book Meeting Abstracts Online
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