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[Cancer Research 59, 1090-1095, March 1, 1999]
© 1999 American Association for Cancer Research
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[Cancer Research 59, 1090-1095, March 1, 1999]
© 1999 American Association for Cancer Research

Molecular Biology and Genetics

Hypermethylation of the hMLH1 Gene Promoter in Human Gastric Cancers with Microsatellite Instability1

A. Steven Fleisher2, Manel Esteller2,, 3, Suna Wang, Gen Tamura, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Jing Yin, Tong-Tong Zou, John M. Abraham, Dehe Kong, Kara N. Smolinski, Ying-Qiang Shi, Mun-Gan Rhyu, Steven M. Powell, Stephen P. James, Keith T. Wilson, James G. Herman4 and Stephen J. Meltzer5

Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division [A. S. F., J. Y., S. W., T-T. Z., J. M. A., D. K., K. N. S., S. P. J., K. T. W., S. J. M.], Greenebaum Cancer Center [K. T. W., S. J. M.], Molecular Biology Graduate Program [K. N. S., S. J. M.], and Department of Pathology [D. K., S. J. M., C. N.], University of Maryland School of Medicine and Baltimore Veterans Affairs Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231 [M. E., J. G. H.]; Department of Pathology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, 990 Japan [G. T.]; Department of Surgery, Akita University, Akita, 010 Japan [H. S.]; Department of Surgery, Shanghai Medical University, Shanghai 200032 Peoples Republic of China [Y-Q. S.]; Department of Pathology, Catholic University Medical College, Seoul, 137 South Korea [M-G. R.]; and Division of Gastroenterology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 [S. M. P.]

Human gastric carcinoma shows a higher prevalence of microsatellite instability (MSI) than does any other type of sporadic human cancer. The reasons for this high frequency of MSI are not yet known. In contrast to endometrial and colorectal carcinoma, mutations of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes hMLH1 or hMSH2 have not been described in gastric carcinoma. However, hypermethylation of the hMLH1 MMR gene promoter is quite common in MSI-positive endometrial and colorectal cancers. This hypermethylation has been associated with hMLH1 transcriptional blockade, which is reversible with demethylation, suggesting that an epigenetic mechanism underlies hMLH1 gene inactivation and MMR deficiency. Therefore, we studied the prevalence of hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in a total of 65 gastric tumors: 18 with frequent MSI (MSI-H), 8 with infrequent MSI (MSI-L), and 39 that were MSI negative. We found a striking association between hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation and MSI; of 18 MSI-H tumors, 14 (77.8%) showed hypermethylation, whereas 6 of 8 MSI-L tumors (75%) were hypermethylated at hMLH1. In contrast, only 1 of 39 (2.6%) MSI-negative tumors demonstrated hMLH1 hypermethylation (P < 0.0001 for MSI-H or MSI-L versus MSI-negative). Moreover, hypermethylated cancers demonstrated diminished expression of hMLH1 protein by both immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, whereas nonhypermethylated tumors expressed abundant hMLH1 protein. These data indicate that hypermethylation of hMLH1 is strongly associated with MSI in gastric cancers and suggest an epigenetic mechanism by which defective MMR occurs in this group of cancers.




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