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Inhibition of Hsp90 Function by Ansamycins Causes Retinoblastoma Gene Product-dependent G₁ Arrest¹

Program in Molecular Biology [M. S., F. L.], Program in Cell Biology and Genetics [N. R.], and Department of Medicine [R. T., N. R.], Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021

The ansamycin antibiotics, herbimycin A (HA) and geldanamycin (GM), bind to a conserved pocket in heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and alter the function of this chaperone protein. Occupancy of this pocket results in the degradation of a subset of signaling molecules. These include proteins known to associate with Hsp90, e.g., the steroid receptors and Raf, as well as certain transmembrane tyrosine kinases, such as the ErbB receptor family. In a variety of tumor cell lines, treatment with HA potently inhibited cellular proliferation by inducing G₁ arrest. This arrest was accompanied by hypophosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product (RB) and rapid down-regulation of cyclin D- and E-associated kinase activities. Inhibition of kinase activity was found to result from loss in expression of cyclins D1, D3, and E, as well as the associated cyclin-dependent kinases, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and cyclin-dependent kinase 6. In addition, HA treatment also caused a late induction of p27^Kip1 protein. The loss of cyclin D preceded the other effects of HA, suggesting that it might be the primary cause of G₁ arrest. To determine whether the effects of HA are mediated by selective inhibition of the cyclin D-RB pathway, HA was added to tumor cell lines lacking functional RB. HA treatment of Rb-negative tumor cell lines failed to elicit a G₁ arrest. In addition, after release from synchronization with nocodazole, Rb-negative but not Rb-positive cell lines were able to progress through G₁ into S phase in the presence of HA. Together, these findings suggest that induction of G₁ arrest by HA results from down-regulation of cyclin D expression and its associated kinase activity. Furthermore, these findings imply that Hsp90 selectively regulates signaling pathways upstream of RB.

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