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Carcinogenesis |
Division of Nutritional Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention Program, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York 10595 [B. S. R., Y. H., C. V. R.]; Chemoprevention Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 [R. L., V. S., G. K.]; and Searle Research and Development, St. Louis, Missouri 63137 [S. P., K. S.]
Epidemiological observations and laboratory research have suggested that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the risk of colon cancer and that the inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by NSAIDs is mediated through the modulation of prostaglandin production by rate-limiting enzymes known as cyclooxygenases (COXs). Because traditional NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2, these drugs induce side effects, such as gastrointestinal ulceration and renal toxicity, through the inhibition of the constitutive COX-1. Overexpression of COX-2 has been observed in colon tumors; therefore, specific inhibitors of COX-2 could serve as chemopreventive agents. Our previous study has shown that celecoxib, an inhibitor of COX-2, while sparing COX-1, inhibited azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon tumorigenesis when administered during both initiation and postinitiation stages, i.e., celecoxib administered continuously before, during, and after carcinogen treatment. This study examined the dose-response effect of celecoxib when administered during the initiation and postinitiation stages. In addition, the chemopreventive effects of high-dose celecoxib administered during the promotion/progression stage of colon carcinogenesis, i.e., continuous celecoxib administration beginning 14 weeks after the carcinogen treatment, was determined in male F344 rats. We also measured the steady-state levels of celecoxib in the plasma of animals given this inhibitor. Groups of 5-week-old male F344 rats were fed either a control diet or experimental diets containing 500, 1000, or 1500 ppm celecoxib. At 7 and 8 weeks of age, rats scheduled for carcinogen treatment were injected s.c. with AOM at a dose rate of 15 mg/kg body weight/week. Groups of animals destined for the promotion/progression study and initially receiving the control diet were switched to a diet containing 1500 ppm celecoxib beginning 14 weeks after the second AOM treatment. All rats remained on their respective dietary regimens until the termination of the study, i.e., 52 weeks, and were then sacrificed. Colon tumors were evaluated histopathologically. Administration of 500, 1000, or 1500 ppm celecoxib during the initiation and postinitiation stages significantly inhibited the incidence (P < 0.01 to P < 0.0001) as well as the multiplicity (P < 0.01 to P < 0.0001) of adenocarcinomas of the colon in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, administration of 1500 ppm celecoxib during the promotion/progression stage also significantly suppressed the incidence and multiplicity of adenocarcinomas of the colon (P < 0.01). Also, administration of celecoxib to the rats during the initiation and postinitiation periods and throughout the promotion/progression stage strongly suppressed colon tumor volume (P < 0.0002 to P < 0.001). The steady-state plasma concentration of celecoxib increases somewhat with the dose. Thus, in this model system, the chemopreventive efficacy of celecoxib is dose-dependent when this COX-2 inhibitor is administered during the initiation and postinitiation periods. This study provides the first evidence that celecoxib is also very effective when it is given during the promotion/progression stage of colon carcinogenesis, indicating that the chemopreventive efficacy is achieved during the later stages of colon tumor development. This suggests that celecoxib may potentially be an effective chemopreventive agent for the secondary prevention of colon cancer in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis and sporadic polyps.
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K. M. Leahy, R. L. Ornberg, Y. Wang, B. S. Zweifel, A. T. Koki, and J. L. Masferrer Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition by Celecoxib Reduces Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Angiogenic Endothelial Cells in Vivo Cancer Res., February 1, 2002; 62(3): 625 - 631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Saukkonen, O. Nieminen, B. van Rees, S. Vilkki, M. Harkonen, M. Juhola, J.-P. Mecklin, P. Sipponen, and A. Ristimaki Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Dysplasia of the Stomach and in Intestinal-type Gastric Adenocarcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2001; 7(7): 1923 - 1931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Murono, H. Inoue, T. Tanabe, I. Joab, T. Yoshizaki, M. Furukawa, and J. S. Pagano Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 is involved in vascular endothelial growth factor production in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells PNAS, May 24, 2001; (2001) 121016998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Bigler, J. Whitton, J. W. Lampe, L. Fosdick, R. M. Bostick, and J. D. Potter CYP2C9 and UGT1A6 Genotypes Modulate the Protective Effect of Aspirin on Colon Adenoma Risk Cancer Res., May 1, 2001; 61(9): 3566 - 3569. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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G. A. Piazza, W. J. Thompson, R. Pamukcu, H. W. Alila, C. M. Whitehead, L. Liu, J. R. Fetter, W. E. Gresh Jr., A. J. Klein-Szanto, D. R. Farnell, et al. Exisulind, a Novel Proapoptotic Drug, Inhibits Rat Urinary Bladder Tumorigenesis Cancer Res., May 1, 2001; 61(10): 3961 - 3968. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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Z. Li, Y. Shimada, A. Kawabe, F. Sato, M. Maeda, I. Komoto, T. Hong, Y. Ding, J. Kaganoi, and M. Imamura Suppression of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced esophageal tumorigenesis in F344 rats by JTE-522, a selective COX-2 inhibitor Carcinogenesis, April 1, 2001; 22(4): 547 - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Li, X. Wu, and X.-C. Xu Induction of Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cells by Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor NS398 through a Cytochrome c-dependent Pathway Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2001; 7(4): 1010 - 1016. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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H. Shiotani, A. Denda, K. Yamamoto, W. Kitayama, T. Endoh, Y. Sasaki, M. Tsutsumi, M. Sugimura, and Y. Konishi Increased Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 Protein in 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced Rat Tongue Carcinomas and Chemopreventive Efficacy of a Specific Inhibitor, Nimesulide Cancer Res., February 1, 2001; 61(4): 1451 - 1456. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. Oshima, N. Murai, S. Kargman, M. Arguello, P. Luk, E. Kwong, M. M. Taketo, and J. F. Evans Chemoprevention of Intestinal Polyposis in the Apc{{Delta}}716 Mouse by Rofecoxib, a Specific Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor Cancer Res., February 1, 2001; 61(4): 1733 - 1740. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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W. K. Hong, M. R. Spitz, and S. M. Lippman Cancer Chemoprevention in the 21st Century: Genetics, Risk Modeling, and Molecular Targets J. Clin. Oncol., November 1, 2000; 18(90001): 9s - 18. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. J. Grubbs, R. A. Lubet, A. T. Koki, K. M. Leahy, J. L. Masferrer, V. E. Steele, G. J. Kelloff, D. L. Hill, and K. Seibert Celecoxib Inhibits N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine-induced Urinary Bladder Cancers in Male B6D2F1 Mice and Female Fischer-344 Rats Cancer Res., October 1, 2000; 60(20): 5599 - 5602. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 B J R WHITTLE COX-1 and COX-2 products in the gut: therapeutic impact of COX-2 inhibitors Gut, September 1, 2000; 47(3): 320 - 325. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. F. Jacoby, K. Seibert, C. E. Cole, G. Kelloff, and R. A. Lubet The Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor Celecoxib Is a Potent Preventive and Therapeutic Agent in the Min Mouse Model of Adenomatous Polyposis Cancer Res., September 1, 2000; 60(18): 5040 - 5044. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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I. Shureiqi, D. Chen, J. J. Lee, P. Yang, R. A. Newman, D. E. Brenner, R. Lotan, S. M. Fischer, and S. M. Lippman 15-LOX-1: a Novel Molecular Target of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug-Induced Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells J Natl Cancer Inst, July 19, 2000; 92(14): 1136 - 1142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Sheng, J. Shao, M. K. Washington, and R. N. DuBois Prostaglandin E2 Increases Growth and Motility of Colorectal Carcinoma Cells J. Biol. Chem., May 18, 2001; 276(21): 18075 - 18081. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. R. Howe, H. C. Crawford, K. Subbaramaiah, J. A. Hassell, A. J. Dannenberg, and A. M. C. Brown PEA3 Is Up-regulated in Response to Wnt1 and Activates the Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 J. Biol. Chem., June 1, 2001; 276(23): 20108 - 20115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Murono, H. Inoue, T. Tanabe, I. Joab, T. Yoshizaki, M. Furukawa, and J. S. Pagano Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 is involved in vascular endothelial growth factor production in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells PNAS, June 5, 2001; 98(12): 6905 - 6910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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