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Departments of Radiation Oncology [A. C. K., N. C. D., K. M. H., C. S., L. S., Q. T. L., A. J. G.] and Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery [D. J. T., H. I.], Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5468, and Division of Oncology Research, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 [C. K., S. E.]
In this study, we have analyzed changes induced by hypoxia at the transcriptional level of genes that could be responsible for a more aggressive phenotype. Using a series of DNA array membranes, we identified a group of hypoxia-induced genes that included plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), endothelin-2, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), BCL2-interacting killer (BIK), migration-inhibitory factor (MIF), matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), fibroblast growth factor-3 (FGF-3), GADD45, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The induction of each gene was confirmed by Northern blot analysis in two different squamous cell carcinoma-derived cell lines. We also analyzed the kinetics of PAI-1 induction by hypoxia in more detail because it is a secreted protein that may serve as a useful molecular marker of hypoxia. On exposure to hypoxia, there was a gradual increase in PAI-1 mRNA between 2 and 24 h of hypoxia followed by a rapid decay after 2 h of reoxygenation. PAI-1 levels were also measured in the serum of a small group of head and neck cancer patients and were found to correlate with the degree of tumor hypoxia found in these patients.
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M. Bacher, J. Schrader, N. Thompson, K. Kuschela, D. Gemsa, G. Waeber, and J. Schlegel Up-Regulation of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Gene and Protein Expression in Glial Tumor Cells during Hypoxic and Hypoglycemic Stress Indicates a Critical Role for Angiogenesis in Glioblastoma Multiforme Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2003; 162(1): 11 - 17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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T. W. Chong, L. D. Horwitz, J. W. Moore, H. M. Sowter, and A. L. Harris A Mycobacterial Iron Chelator, Desferri-Exochelin, Induces Hypoxia-inducible Factors 1 and 2, NIP3, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Cancer Cell Lines Cancer Res., December 1, 2002; 62(23): 6924 - 6927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. J. Grimshaw, S. Naylor, and F. R. Balkwill Endothelin-2 Is a Hypoxia-induced Autocrine Survival Factor for Breast Tumor Cells Mol. Cancer Ther., December 1, 2002; 1(14): 1273 - 1281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. Fukuzawa, J. Nishihira, N. Hasebe, T. Haneda, J. Osaki, T. Saito, T. Nomura, T. Fujino, N. Wakamiya, and K. Kikuchi Contribution of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor to Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase Activation by Oxidative Stress in Cardiomyocytes J. Biol. Chem., July 5, 2002; 277(28): 24889 - 24895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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