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S-phase Arrest and Apoptosis Induced in Normal Mammary Epithelial Cells by a Novel Retinoid¹

John D. Dingell VA Medical Center [Y. Z., A. K. R., R. T., L. F., M. B., J. A. F.] and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201 [Y. Z., A. K. R., R. T., L. F., M. B., E. C. V. B., J. A. F.]; Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Mountain View, California 94043 [M. I. D]; and Center International de Rescherches Dermatologigues Galderma, F. 06902 Valbonne, France [U. R., B. S.]

The addition of all-trans-retinoic acid has been found to mediate a G₁ cell cycle phase arrest but not apoptosis in normal mammary epithelial cells. We have now found that addition of the novel retinoid 6-[3-(1-adamanty1)]-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid (CD437), which appears to function through a pathway independent of retinoic acid nuclear receptors, results in an S-phase arrest that is preceded by a 4-fold elevation in the levels of the cyclin-cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p21^WAF1/CIP1. Failure to inhibit E2F-1 activation of genes through its phosphorylation by the cyclin cdk2 kinase has been shown to result in S-phase arrest and apoptosis in a number of cell types. Although exposure of the normal mammary cells to CD437 does not result in modulation of cyclin A or cdk2 levels, an increase in E2F-1 levels and a marked inhibition of cyclin A/cdk2 kinase activity are observed. Exposure to CD437 results in enhanced E2F-1 binding to its DNA consensus sequences and transcriptional activity during S phase. We hypothesize that this enhanced E2F-1 transcriptional activity results in S-phase arrest and subsequent apoptosis that has been observed in other systems.

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