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A Role for the p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway in the Transcriptional Activation of p53 on Genotoxic Stress by Chemotherapeutic Agents¹

Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4330 [R. S-P., J. M. R., J. S. G.], and National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104, Japan [Y. T.]

The tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in sensing damaged DNA and orchestrating the consequent cellular responses. However, how DNA damage leads to the activation of p53 is still poorly understood. In this study, we have found that the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays a key role in the activation of p53 by genotoxic stress when provoked by chemotherapeutic agents. Indeed, we found that blockade of p38 prevents stimulation of the transcriptional activity of p53 and that activation of the p38 pathway is sufficient to stimulate p53 function. Furthermore, we observed that p38 does not affect the accumulation of p53 in response to DNA damage or its nuclear localization. In contrast, we observed that p38 associates physically with p53, and we provide evidence that this MAPK phosphorylates the NH₂-terminal transactivation domain of p53 in serine 33, thereby stimulating its functional activity. Moreover, inhibition of the p38 MAPK diminished the apoptotic fraction of cells exposed to chemotherapeutic agents and increased cell survival, thus suggesting a role for p38 activation in the apoptotic response to genotoxic stress when elicited by drugs used in cancer therapy.

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