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Synergy between Methionine Stress and Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Brain Tumor Xenografts in Athymic Mice¹

Departments of Neurological Surgery [D. M. K., J. B. W.], and Internal Medicine [E. P. F.], University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390; The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 [S. C. S.]; and Anticancer Inc., San Diego, California 92111 [ R. M. H., Q. H., M. X., Y. T.]

This study describes a novel approach to the treatment of brain tumors with the combination of recombinant L-methionine--deamino--lyase and chemotherapeutic regimens that are currently used against such tumors. The growth of Daoy, SWB77, and D-54 xenografts in athymic mice was arrested after the depletion of mouse plasma methionine (MET) with a combination of a MET- and choline-free diet and recombinant L-methionine--deamino--lyase. The treated tumor-bearing mice were rescued from the toxic effects of MET withdrawal with daily i.p. homocystine. This regimen suppressed plasma MET to levels below 5 µM for several days, with no treatment-related deaths. MET depletion for 10–12 days induced mitotic and cell cycle arrest, apoptotic death, and widespread necrosis in tumors but did not prevent tumor regrowth after cessation of the regimen. However, when a single dose of 35 mg/m² of N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea (BCNU), which was otherwise ineffective as a single therapy in any of the tumors tested, was given at the end of the MET depletion regimen, a more than 80-day growth delay was observed for Daoy and D-54, whereas the growth of SWB77 was delayed by 20 days. MET-depleting regimens also trebled the efficacy of temozolomide (TMZ) against SWB77 when TMZ was given to animals as a single dose of 180 mg/m² at the end of a 10-day period of MET depletion. The enhanced responses of both Daoy and SWB77 to DNA alkylating agents such as BCNU and TMZ could be attributed to the down-regulation of O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity. However, the synergy of MET depletion and BCNU observed with D-54 tumors, which do not express measurable O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase protein, is probably mediated by a different mechanism. MET depletion specifically sensitizes tumors to alkylating agents and does not significantly lower the toxicity of either BCNU or TMZ for the host. In this regard, the combination approach of MET depletion and genotoxic chemotherapy demonstrates significant promise for clinical evaluation.

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