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Regulation of the Catalase Gene Promoter by Sp1, CCAAT-recognizing Factors, and a WT1/Egr-related Factor in Hydrogen Peroxide-resistant HP100 Cells

Radiation Hazards Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan [M. N., S. I., O. Y.]; Department of Genome Research, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan [K. M.]; and Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 [I. L. C.]

Reactive oxygen species play a critical role in the onset of apoptosis induced by various extracellular stimuli, including ionizing radiation. Therefore active regulation of reactive oxygen species-metabolizing enzymes may be one response to an apoptotic stimulus. In this regard, HP100 cells, H₂O₂-resistant variants derived from human leukemia HL60 cells, display an interesting phenotype in which the activity of catalase is constitutively high, whereas its mRNA is reduced after X-ray irradiation. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. By combining analyses from nuclear run-on, reporter gene transient transfection, genomic footprinting, site-directed mutagenesis, electrophoretic mobility shift analysis, and Western blotting experiments, we found that constitutively elevated catalase expression is strongly regulated at the transcriptional level by both Sp1 and CCAAT-recognizing factors and that much higher levels of nuclear Sp1 and NF-Y are present in HP100 nuclei as compared with HL60 nuclei. In addition, we demonstrated an X-ray-inducible association of a WT1/Egr-related factor with an overlapping Sp1/Egr-1 recognition sequence located within the core promoter of the catalase gene. This association may lead to inactivation of the promoter by disturbing or competing with the transactivating ability of Sp1.

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