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Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH Kinase (PI3K)/AKT2, Activated in Breast Cancer, Regulates and Is Induced by Estrogen Receptor (ER) via Interaction between ER and PI3K¹

Department of Pathology and Programs of Molecular Oncology and Drug Discovery, University of South Florida College of Medicine and H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612 [M. S., J. E. P., Z-q. Y., D. C., S. A. S., S. V. N., J. Q. C.]; Beijing Institute for Cancer Research, Beijing 100034, China [Y. Y. L.]; and Cancer Research Department, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California 94804 [R. I. F.]

We have shown previously that the AKT2 pathway is essential for cell survival and important in malignant transformation. In this study, we demonstrate elevated kinase levels of AKT2 and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K) in 32 of 80 primary breast carcinomas. The majority of the cases with the activation are estrogen receptor (ER) positive, which prompted us to examine whether AKT2 regulates ER activity. We found that constitutively activated AKT2 or AKT2 activated by epidermal growth factor or insulin-like growth factor-1 promotes the transcriptional activity of ER. This effect occurred in the absence or presence of estrogen. Activated AKT2 phosphorylates ER in vitro and in vivo, but it does not phosphorylate a mutant ER in which ser-167 was replaced by Ala. The PI3K inhibitor, wortmannin, abolishes both the phosphorylation and transcriptional activity of ER induced by AKT2. However, AKT2-induced ER activity was not inhibited by tamoxifen but was completely abolished by ICI 164,384, implicating that AKT2-activated ER contributes to tamoxifen resistance. Moreover, we found that ER binds to the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K in the absence or presence of estradiol in epithelial cells and subsequently activates PI3K/AKT2, suggesting ER regulation of PI3K/AKT2 through a nontranscriptional and ligand-independent mechanism. These data indicate that regulation between the ER and PI3K/AKT2 pathway (ER-PI3K/AKT2-ER) may play an important role in pathogenesis of human breast cancer and could contribute to ligand-independent breast cancer cell growth.

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