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Cell Growth Inhibition by the Multifunctional Multivalent Zinc-Finger Factor CTCF¹

Gene Therapy Research Unit, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown New South Wales 2042, Australia [J. E. J. R.]; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU United Kingdom [E. M. K., A. F. R.]; Biologia Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria Facultad de Medicina, 39011 Santander, Spain [J. L.]; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109 [G. N. F., Y. J. H., J. U., M. D. W., P. E. N., S. J. C.]; and Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 [D. I. L., S. V., E. M. P., H. C. M., V. V. L.]

The 11-zinc finger protein CCTC-binding factor (CTCF) employs different sets of zinc fingers to form distinct complexes with varying CTCF- target sequences (CTSs) that mediate the repression or activation of gene expression and the creation of hormone-responsive gene silencers and of diverse vertebrate enhancer-blocking elements (chromatin insulators). To determine how these varying effects would integrate in vivo, we engineered a variety of expression systems to study effects of CTCF on cell growth. Here we show that ectopic expression of CTCF in many cell types inhibits cell clonogenicity by causing profound growth retardation without apoptosis. In asynchronous cultures, the cell-cycle profile of CTCF-expressing cells remained unaltered, which suggested that progression through the cycle was slowed at multiple points. Although conditionally induced CTCF caused the S-phase block, CTCF can also arrest cell division. Viable CTCF-expressing cells could be maintained without dividing for several days. While MYC is the well-characterized CTCF target, the inhibitory effects of CTCF on cell growth could not be ascribed solely to repression of MYC, suggesting that additional CTS-driven genes involved in growth-regulatory circuits, such as p19ARF, are likely to contribute to CTCF-induced growth arrest. These findings indicate that CTCF may regulate cell-cycle progression at multiple steps within the cycle, and add to the growing evidence for the function of CTCF as a tumor suppressor gene.

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