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Tumor Biology |
at Serine 260 Impairs Its Metabolism and Function in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma1
First Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu 500-8705, Japan [R. M-N., M. O., S. A., T. S., K. A., H. M.]; Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York 10029-6574 [S. L. F.]; and Laboratory of Molecular Cell Sciences, Tsukuba Institute, RIKEN, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan [S. K.]
Retinoids induce apoptosis and differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and are used clinically in the chemoprevention of HCC. We have shown previously that hepatocarcinogenesis is accompanied by accumulation of full-length retinoid X receptor
(RXR
), although the underlying mechanisms and biological implications have remained unclear. The present studies were based on the finding that the accumulated full-length RXR
was phosphorylated at serine/threonine residues both in all human HCC tissues examined and in human HCC-derived HuH7 cells. Phosphorylation at serine 260 of RXR
, a consensus site of mitogen-activated protein kinase, was closely linked to its retarded degradation, low transactivating activity, and the promotion of cancer cell growth. There was no genomic mutation in the RXR
gene, and abrogation of phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase-specific inhibitors restored the degradation of RXR
in an RXR ligand-dependent manner. These results suggest that phosphorylation of RXR
may interfere with its metabolism and signaling in human HCC, which could lead to growth promotion of these tumors.
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