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Virology |
Departments of Medicine [B. L., Y. W., S. M. M., I. P., V. N., J. F. H.] and Microbiology [B. G-T. P.], Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
Involvement of a virus similar to mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) in human breast cancer has long been postulated but never demonstrated. We have detected by PCR a 660-bp sequence similar to the env gene of MMTV but not to the known endogenous viruses, in 38% of human breast cancers examined (Wang et al., Cancer Res., 55: 5173–5179, 1995). This sequence was expressed in 66% of the env-positive tumors as detected by reverse transcription-PCR (Wang et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 4: 2565–2568, 1998).
In this article we report the amplification of a whole proviral structure from each of two human breast carcinomas that were env positive. Using nested extra-long PCR and primers from specific MMTV sequences, overlapping env-long terminal repeat (LTR), LTR-gag, gag-pol, and pol-env segments were successfully amplified. The 9.9-kb provirus is 95% homologous to MMTV but only 57% to human endogenous retrovirus K10 in 3.5 kb of the gag and pol genes. The provirus displays typical features of a replication competent virus, plus the open reading frame for the superantigen and the glucocorticoid responsive element. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with a 2.7-kb env-LTR sequence of an env-positive breast cancer cell line revealed that the sequence is inserted in several chromosomes but not in chromosomes from normal breast cells.
The origin of the MMTV-like sequences is uncertain. Because they are undetectable in normal tissues, because the similarity between the two isolates is high (96%), and because they maintain open reading frames, they appear to be exogenous.
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