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Differential Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Its Regulation by Tumor Necrosis Factor- in Normal and Malignant Prostate Cells¹

Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030

Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression is elevated in some malignancies; however, information is scarce regarding COX-2 contributions to the development of prostate cancer and its regulation by inflammatory cytokines. The present study compared and contrasted the expression levels and subcellular distribution patterns of COX-1 and COX-2 in normal prostate [prostate epithelial cell (PrEC), prostate smooth muscle (PrSM), and prostate stromal (PrSt)] primary cell cultures and prostatic carcinoma cell lines (PC-3, LNCaP, and DU145). The basal COX-2 mRNA and protein levels were high in normal PrEC and low in tumor cells, unlike many other normal cells and tumor cells. Because COX-2 levels were low in prostate smooth muscle cells, prostate stromal cells, and tumor cells, we also examined whether COX-1 and COX-2 gene expression was elevated in response to tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), a strong inducer of COX-2 expression. Northern blot analysis and reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated different patterns and kinetics of expression for COX-1 and COX-2 among normal cells and tumor cells in response to TNF-. In particular, COX-2 protein levels increased, and the subcellular distribution formed a distinct perinuclear ring in the normal cells at 4 h after TNF- exposure. The COX-2 protein levels also increased in cancer cells, but the subcellular distribution was less organized; COX-2 protein appeared diffuse in some cells and accumulated as focal deposits in the cytoplasm of other cells. TNF- induction of COX-2 and prostaglandin E₂ correlated inversely with induction of apoptosis. We conclude that COX-2 expression may be important to PrEC cell function. Although it is low in stromal and tumor cells, COX-2 expression is induced by TNF- in these cells, and this responsiveness may play an important role in prostate cancer progression.

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