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Perspectives in Cancer Research |
The Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
ABSTRACT
We are in an era where the potential exists for deriving comprehensive profiles of DNA alterations characterizing each form of human cancer. Such profiles would provide invaluable insight into mechanisms underlying the evolution of each tumor type and will provide molecular markers, which could radically improve cancer detection. To date, no one type of DNA change has been defined which accomplishes this purpose. Herein, by using a candidate gene approach, we show that one category of DNA alteration, aberrant methylation of gene promoter regions, can enormously contribute to the above goals. We have now analyzed a series of promoter hypermethylation changes in 12 genes (p16INK4a, p15INK4b, p14ARF, p73, APC,5 BRCA1, hMLH1, GSTP1, MGMT, CDH1, TIMP3, and DAPK), each rigorously characterized for association with abnormal gene silencing in cancer, in DNA from over 600 primary tumor samples representing 15 major tumor types. The genes play known important roles in processes encompassing tumor suppression, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, DNA repair, and metastastic potential. A unique profile of promoter hypermethylation exists for each human cancer in which some gene changes are shared and others are cancer-type specific. The hypermethylation of the genes occurs independently to the extent that a panel of three to four markers defines an abnormality in 7090% of each cancer type. Our results provide an unusual view of the pervasiveness of DNA alterations, in this case an epigenetic change, in human cancer and a powerful set of markers to outline the disruption of critical pathways in tumorigenesis and for derivation of sensitive molecular detection strategies for virtually every human tumor type.
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S. Urakami, H. Shiina, H. Enokida, H. Hirata, K. Kawamoto, T. Kawakami, N. Kikuno, Y. Tanaka, S. Majid, M. Nakagawa, et al. Wnt Antagonist Family Genes as Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Staging, and Prognosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma Using Tumor and Serum DNA Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2006; 12(23): 6989 - 6997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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Y. Yuan, J. Wang, J. Li, L. Wang, M. Li, Z. Yang, C. Zhang, and J. L. Dai Frequent Epigenetic Inactivation of Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Gene in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res., November 15, 2006; 12(22): 6687 - 6695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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C. J. Marsit, E. A. Houseman, B. C. Christensen, K. Eddy, R. Bueno, D. J. Sugarbaker, H. H. Nelson, M. R. Karagas, and K. T. Kelsey Examination of a CpG Island Methylator Phenotype and Implications of Methylation Profiles in Solid Tumors Cancer Res., November 1, 2006; 66(21): 10621 - 10629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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T. de Almeida Simao, G. L. De Bonis Almeida Simoes, F. S. Ribeiro, D. A. de Paula Cidade, N. A. Andreollo, L. R. Lopes, J. M. B. Macedo, R. Acatauassu, A. M. R. Teixeira, I. Felzenszwalb, et al. Lower expression of p14ARF and p16INK4a correlates with higher DNMT3B expression in human oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas Human and Experimental Toxicology, September 1, 2006; 25(9): 515 - 522. [Abstract] [PDF] |
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A. L. Fridman, L. Tang, O. I. Kulaeva, B. Ye, Q. Li, F. Nahhas, P. C. Roberts, S. J. Land, J. Abrams, and M. A. Tainsky Expression profiling identifies three pathways altered in cellular immortalization: interferon, cell cycle, and cytoskeleton. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., September 1, 2006; 61(9): 879 - 889. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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L. Lopez-Serra, E. Ballestar, M. F. Fraga, M. Alaminos, F. Setien, and M. Esteller A Profile of Methyl-CpG Binding Domain Protein Occupancy of Hypermethylated Promoter CpG Islands of Tumor Suppressor Genes in Human Cancer. Cancer Res., September 1, 2006; 66(17): 8342 - 8346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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T. Rauch, H. Li, X. Wu, and G. P. Pfeifer MIRA-Assisted Microarray Analysis, a New Technology for the Determination of DNA Methylation Patterns, Identifies Frequent Methylation of Homeodomain-Containing Genes in Lung Cancer Cells Cancer Res., August 15, 2006; 66(16): 7939 - 7947. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. Guo, J. Ren, M. G. House, Y. Qi, M. V. Brock, and J. G. Herman Accumulation of Promoter Methylation Suggests Epigenetic Progression in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus Clin. Cancer Res., August 1, 2006; 12(15): 4515 - 4522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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C. Gebhard, L. Schwarzfischer, T. H. Pham, R. Andreesen, A. Mackensen, and M. Rehli Rapid and sensitive detection of CpG-methylation using methyl-binding (MB)-PCR Nucleic Acids Res., July 5, 2006; 34(11): e82 - e82. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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S. Niclot, Q. Pruvot, C. Besson, D. Savoy, E. Macintyre, G. Salles, N. Brousse, B. Varet, P. Landais, P. Taupin, et al. Implication of the folate-methionine metabolism pathways in susceptibility to follicular lymphomas Blood, July 1, 2006; 108(1): 278 - 285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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C. Gebhard, L. Schwarzfischer, T.-H. Pham, E. Schilling, M. Klug, R. Andreesen, and M. Rehli Genome-wide profiling of CpG methylation identifies novel targets of aberrant hypermethylation in myeloid leukemia. Cancer Res., June 15, 2006; 66(12): 6118 - 6128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. S Perry, R. Foley, K. Woodson, and M. Lawler The emerging roles of DNA methylation in the clinical management of prostate cancer. Endocr. Relat. Cancer, June 1, 2006; 13(2): 357 - 377. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. J. Worsham, K. M. Chen, V. Meduri, A. O. H. Nygren, A. Errami, J. P. Schouten, and M. S. Benninger Epigenetic events of disease progression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, June 1, 2006; 132(6): 668 - 677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. N. Bachman, G. M. Curtin, D. J. Doolittle, and J. I. Goodman Altered Methylation in Gene-Specific and GC-Rich Regions of DNA Is Progressive and Nonrandom during Promotion of Skin Tumorigenesis Toxicol. Sci., June 1, 2006; 91(2): 406 - 418. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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D.-F. Peng, Y. Kanai, M. Sawada, S. Ushijima, N. Hiraoka, S. Kitazawa, and S. Hirohashi DNA methylation of multiple tumor-related genes in association with overexpression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) during multistage carcinogenesis of the pancreas Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2006; 27(6): 1160 - 1168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. Esteller The necessity of a human epigenome project Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2006; 27(6): 1121 - 1125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. S. Jones, C. I. Amos, M. Pande, X. Gu, J. Chen, I. M. Campos, Q. Wei, M. Rodriguez-Bigas, P. M. Lynch, and M. L. Frazier DNMT3b Polymorphism and Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Age of Onset. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2006; 15(5): 886 - 891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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G. Shao, J. Berenguer, A. C. Borczuk, C. A. Powell, T. K. Hei, and Y. Zhao Epigenetic Inactivation of Betaig-h3 Gene in Human Cancer Cells. Cancer Res., May 1, 2006; 66(9): 4566 - 4573. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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S. Mulero-Navarro, J.M. Carvajal-Gonzalez, M. Herranz, E. Ballestar, M.F. Fraga, S. Ropero, M. Esteller, and P.M. Fernandez-Salguero The dioxin receptor is silenced by promoter hypermethylation in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia through inhibition of Sp1 binding Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2006; 27(5): 1099 - 1104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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S. H. Wei, C. Balch, H. H. Paik, Y.-S. Kim, R. L. Baldwin, S. Liyanarachchi, L. Li, Z. Wang, J. C. Wan, R. V. Davuluri, et al. Prognostic DNA methylation biomarkers in ovarian cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., May 1, 2006; 12(9): 2788 - 2794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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F. J. Reu, D. W. Leaman, R. R. Maitra, S. I. Bae, L. Cherkassky, M. W. Fox, D. R. Rempinski, N. Beaulieu, A. R. MacLeod, and E. C. Borden Expression of RASSF1A, an Epigenetically Silenced Tumor Suppressor, Overcomes Resistance to Apoptosis Induction by Interferons. Cancer Res., March 1, 2006; 66(5): 2785 - 2793. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. Vottero, M. Capelletti, S. Giuliodori, I. Viani, M. Ziveri, T. M. Neri, S. Bernasconi, and L. Ghizzoni Decreased Androgen Receptor Gene Methylation in Premature Pubarche: A Novel Pathogenetic Mechanism? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2006; 91(3): 968 - 972. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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