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University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030 [J-P. J. I.]; Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231 [J-P. J. I., N. A., M. T.]; and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 [M. P. B., T. A. B.]
CpG island hypermethylation is a mechanism of gene silencing that can be usurped by neoplastic cells to inactivate undesirable genes. In the colon, hypermethylation often starts in normal mucosa as a function of age and is markedly increased in cancer. To test the hypothesis that subjects at increased risk of colon cancer have higher levels of methylation in their nonneoplastic mucosa, we studied methylation patterns of five genes in the normal and dysplastic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), a condition associated with a marked increased risk of colon cancer. One gene (Mlh1) was unmethylated in all tissues examined. All four remaining genes had low but detectable levels of methylation in the epithelium of UC patients without evidence of dysplasia, and this methylation was not different from non-UC controls. By contrast, all four genes were highly methylated in dysplastic epithelium from high-grade dysplasia (HGD)/cancer patients with UC; methylation in HGD versus controls averaged 40.0% versus 7.4% (P = 0.00003) for ER, 44.0% versus 3.0% (P < 0.00003) for MYOD, 9.4% versus 2.4% (P = 0.03) for p16 exon 1, and 57.5% versus 30.6% (P = 0.01) for CSPG2. Importantly, three of the four genes were also highly methylated in the normal appearing (nondysplastic) epithelium from these same HGD/cancer patients, indicating that methylation precedes dysplasia and is widespread in these patients. Compared with controls, methylation averaged 20.1% versus 7.2% (P = 0.07) for ER, 18.4% versus 3.0% (P < 0.008) for MYOD, and 7.9% versus 2.4% (P = 0.007) for p16 exon 1. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that age-related methylation marks (and may lead to) the field defect that reflects acquired predisposition to colorectal neoplasia. Furthermore, the data suggest that chronic inflammation is associated with high levels of methylation, perhaps as a result of increased cell turnover, and that UC can be viewed as resulting in premature aging of colorectal epithelial cells.
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H. Kim, Y. M. Kwon, J. S. Kim, H. Lee, J.-H. Park, Y. M. Shim, J. Han, J. Park, and D.-H. Kim Tumor-Specific Methylation in Bronchial Lavage for the Early Detection of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., June 15, 2004; 22(12): 2363 - 2370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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L. Kopelovich, J. A. Crowell, and J. R. Fay The Epigenome as a Target for Cancer Chemoprevention J Natl Cancer Inst, December 3, 2003; 95(23): 1747 - 1757. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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Y. Wang, M. Z. Fang, J. Liao, G.-Y. Yang, Y. Nie, Y. Song, C. So, X. Xu, L.-D. Wang, and C. S. Yang Hypermethylation-Associated Inactivation of Retinoic Acid Receptor {beta} in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., November 1, 2003; 9(14): 5257 - 5263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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T. Watanabe, Y. Katayama, A. Yoshino, C. Komine, and T. Yokoyama Deregulation of the TP53/p14ARF Tumor Suppressor Pathway in Low-Grade Diffuse Astrocytomas and Its Influence on Clinical Course Clin. Cancer Res., October 15, 2003; 9(13): 4884 - 4890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J.-P. J. Issa Methylation and Prognosis: Of Molecular Clocks and Hypermethylator Phenotypes Clin. Cancer Res., August 1, 2003; 9(8): 2879 - 2881. [Full Text] [PDF] |
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S. Zhong, W. Yeo, M. W. Tang, N. Wong, P. B. S. Lai, and P. J. Johnson Intensive Hypermethylation of the CpG Island of Ras Association Domain Family 1A in Hepatitis B Virus-associated Hepatocellular Carcinomas Clin. Cancer Res., August 1, 2003; 9(9): 3376 - 3382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. O. O. Chan, S. K. Lam, B. C.-Y. Wong, Y.-L. Kwong, A. Rashid, and G. Tamura Gene Methylation in Non-Neoplastic Mucosa of Gastric Cancer: Age or Helicobacter pylori Related? Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2003; 163(1): 370 - 373. [Full Text] [PDF] |
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T. Ushijima, N. Watanabe, E. Okochi, A. Kaneda, T. Sugimura, and K. Miyamoto Fidelity of the Methylation Pattern and Its Variation in the Genome Genome Res., May 1, 2003; 13(5): 868 - 874. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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Y Kaneko, S Sakurai, M Hironaka, S Sato, S Oguni, Y Sakuma, K Sato, K Sugano, and K Saito Distinct methylated profiles in Helicobacter pylori dependent and independent gastric MALT lymphomas Gut, May 1, 2003; 52(5): 641 - 646. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
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A O-O Chan, S-K Lam, B C-Y Wong, W-M Wong, M-F Yuen, Y-H Yeung, W-M Hui, A Rashid, and Y-L Kwong Promoter methylation of E-cadherin gene in gastric mucosa associated with Helicobacter pylori infection and in gastric cancer Gut, April 1, 2003; 52(4): 502 - 506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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H. Matsubayashi, N. Sato, N. Fukushima, C. J. Yeo, K. M. Walter, K. Brune, F. Sahin, R. H. Hruban, and M. Goggins Methylation of Cyclin D2 Is Observed Frequently in Pancreatic Cancer but Is Also an Age-related Phenomenon in Gastrointestinal Tissues Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2003; 9(4): 1446 - 1452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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D. N. Seril, J. Liao, G.-Y. Yang, and C. S. Yang Oxidative stress and ulcerative colitis-associated carcinogenesis: studies in humans and animal models Carcinogenesis, March 1, 2003; 24(3): 353 - 362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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R. M. Thomas, K. Haleem, A. B. Siddique, W. J. Simmons, N. Sen, D.-J. Zhang, and V. K. Tsiagbe Regulation of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus env Transcriptional Activator Initiated Mammary Tumor Virus Superantigen Transcripts in Lymphomas of SJL/J Mice: Role of Ikaros, Demethylation, and Chromatin Structural Change in the Transcriptional Activation of Mammary Tumor Virus Superantigen J. Immunol., January 1, 2003; 170(1): 218 - 227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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F. Sato, D. Shibata, N. Harpaz, Y. Xu, J. Yin, Y. Mori, S. Wang, A. Olaru, E. Deacu, F. M. Selaru, et al. Aberrant Methylation of the HPP1 Gene in Ulcerative Colitis-associated Colorectal Carcinoma Cancer Res., December 1, 2002; 62(23): 6820 - 6822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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H. Yoon, S. Liyanarachchi, F. A. Wright, R. Davuluri, J. C. Lockman, A. de la Chapelle, and N. S. Pellegata Gene expression profiling of isogenic cells with different TP53 gene dosage reveals numerous genes that are affected by TP53 dosage and identifies CSPG2 as a direct target of p53 PNAS, November 26, 2002; 99(24): 15632 - 15637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J.-P. Issa Epigenetic Variation and Human Disease J. Nutr., August 1, 2002; 132(8): 2388S - 2392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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S. Maier and A. Olek Diabetes: A Candidate Disease for Efficient DNA Methylation Profiling J. Nutr., August 1, 2002; 132(8): 2440S - 2443. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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L. Shen, N. Ahuja, Y. Shen, N. A. Habib, M. Toyota, A. Rashid, and J.-P. J. Issa DNA Methylation and Environmental Exposures in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma J Natl Cancer Inst, May 15, 2002; 94(10): 755 - 761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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N. Fukushima, N. Sato, T. Ueki, C. Rosty, K. M. Walter, R. E. Wilentz, C. J. Yeo, R. H. Hruban, and M. Goggins Aberrant Methylation of Preproenkephalin and p16 Genes in Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2002; 160(5): 1573 - 1581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. Velicescu, D. J. Weisenberger, F. A. Gonzales, Y. C. Tsai, C. T. Nguyen, and P. A. Jones Cell Division Is Required for de Novo Methylation of CpG Islands in Bladder Cancer Cells Cancer Res., April 1, 2002; 62(8): 2378 - 2384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. Widschwendter and P. A. Jones The Potential Prognostic, Predictive, and Therapeutic Values of DNA Methylation in Cancer : Commentary re: J. Kwong et al., Promoter Hypermethylation of Multiple Genes in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res., 8: 131-137, 2002, and H-Z. Zou et al., Detection of Aberrant p16 Methylation in the Serum of Colorectal Cancer Patients. Clin. Cancer Res., 8: 188-191, 2002. Clin. Cancer Res., January 1, 2002; 8(1): 17 - 21. [Full Text] [PDF] |
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H. Nakagawa, G. J. Nuovo, E. E. Zervos, E. W. Martin Jr., R. Salovaara, L. A. Aaltonen, and A. de la Chapelle Age-related Hypermethylation of the 5' Region of MLH1 in Normal Colonic Mucosa Is Associated with Microsatellite-unstable Colorectal Cancer Development Cancer Res., October 1, 2001; 61(19): 6991 - 6995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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