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Vaccine-based Therapy Directed against Carcinoembryonic Antigen Demonstrates Antitumor Activity on Spontaneous Intestinal Tumors in the Absence of Autoimmunity¹

Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 [J. W. G., H. Z., J. S.], and Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702 [M. R. A.]

By virtue of its tissue-specific expression, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is an important self, tumor-associated antigen, which is expressed by different human adenocarcinomas and also serves as a target for active-specific immunotherapy. Similar to humans, CEA expression in mice transgenic for the human CEA gene (CEA.Tg) occurs predominantly along the gastrointestinal tract. CEA.Tg mice were crossed with mice bearing a mutation in the Apc gene (MIN mice), and the CEA.Tg/MIN progeny developed multiple intestinal neoplasms, which overexpress CEA to levels that are reminiscent of those reported for tubulovillous intestinal adenomas from patients. CEA.Tg/MIN mice were vaccinated with an aggressive diversified prime/boost vaccine regimen: (a) a primary vaccine consisting of recombinant vaccinia virus-expressing CEA and a triad of costimulatory molecules (TRICOM): B7.1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3 (rV-CEA-TRICOM); and (b) a booster vaccine using CEA-TRICOM in a recombinant avipox (fowlpox) virus (rF-CEA-TRICOM). Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor was administered as a biological adjuvant with all vaccinations, either as a recombinant protein (with rV-CEA-TRICOM) or as a recombinant avipox virus (with rF-CEA-TRICOM). That vaccine regimen generated strong CEA-specific host immune responses in CEA.Tg/MIN mice, which resulted in (a) a delayed onset of adult anemia and weight loss, (b) a significant reduction in the number of intestinal tumors, and (c) improved overall survival. No evidence of autoimmunity directed against normal tissues expressing CEA was observed in mice in which the CEA-based vaccine significantly reduced intestinal tumor load. The CEA.Tg/MIN mice present a clinically relevant model in which different CEA-based vaccine strategies can be tested on the spontaneous onset of intestinal tumorigenesis.

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