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Carcinogenesis |
Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 [L. Y. Y. F.], and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 [D. J. F., A. E. P.]
Antizyme (AZ) is known to be a regulator of polyamine metabolism that inhibits ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine transport, thus restricting polyamine levels. Transgenic mice with AZ expression targeted to the basal cell layer of the forestomach epithelium by the keratin 5 promoter were used to investigate whether AZ overexpression inhibited uncontrolled cell proliferation in zinc-deficient (ZD) mice and reduced their susceptibility to forestomach carcinogenesis by N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA). Four-week-old keratin 5/AZ and wild-type (Wt) littermates were placed on ZD or zinc-sufficient (ZS) diets to form four groups: ZD:AZ, ZD:Wt, ZS:AZ, and ZS:Wt. After 5 weeks, 27–45 mice in each group were treated twice with NMBA and sacrificed 14 weeks later. Independent of zinc intake, AZ mice had significantly lower forestomach tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity than respective Wt littermates (P < 0.001): 21% of ZD:AZ versus 76% of ZD:Wt mice and 3% of ZS:AZ versus 33% of ZS:Wt mice developed tumors. Spermidine content was reduced in NMBA-treated ZD:AZ forestomachs. Zinc deficiency increased the forestomach cell proliferation in Wt mice, but this effect was blocked by AZ. Conversely, apoptosis was substantially higher in control and NMBA-treated ZD:AZ than respective ZD:Wt forestomachs. The restored ZD:AZ forestomach epithelium displayed strong expression of Bax, a proapoptotic protein, and weak staining of cyclin D1 and its catalytic partner Cdk4, key regulatory proteins controlling G1 to S progression. In contrast, proliferative ZD:Wt forestomach showed strong expression of Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein, and overexpression of cyclin D1/Cdk4. Treatment of ZD:Wt mice with 
-difluoromethylornithine, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, had similar results to AZ in reducing tumor incidence, spermidine content, decreasing cell proliferation, and increasing apoptosis. These results demonstrate that AZ may act as a tumor suppressor gene stimulating apoptosis and restraining cell proliferation, thereby inhibiting forestomach tumor development. Although effects of AZ on functions other than polyamine metabolism are possible, alterations in polyamines are the most likely explanation for the reduction in tumors, supporting the use of strategies to modulate polyamine levels for cancer chemoprevention in individuals at high risk of developing malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract.
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