This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Hicks, K. O. Articles by Wilson, W. R. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Hicks, K. O. Articles by Wilson, W. R.

Multicellular Resistance to Tirapazamine Is Due to Restricted Extravascular Transport

A Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Study in HT29 Multicellular Layer Cultures¹

Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand

In common with other bioreductive drugs, metabolic reduction is required for activation of the benzotriazine-di-N-oxide tirapazamine (TPZ) in hypoxic regions of tumors. This same metabolism also consumes the drug as it diffuses, impeding its penetration into hypoxic tissue. In this study, we develop a pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) model for TPZ that explicitly includes its diffusion characteristics as measured in multicellular layer (MCL) cultures of HT29 colon carcinoma cells. The kinetics of TPZ metabolism to its mono-N-oxide derivative SR 4317, determined by high-performance liquid chromatography using anoxic HT29 single cell suspensions, demonstrated both a first order and saturable (K_m = 3.6 µM) component. Cell killing, assessed by clonogenic assay under the same conditions, demonstrated an approximately quadratic concentration dependence and linear time dependence. TPZ transport through MCLs, determined under hyperoxic conditions (95% O₂) to suppress reductive metabolism, provided a concentration-independent diffusion coefficient of 0.40 x 10^-6 cm²s^-1. Under anoxia, this transport was strongly suppressed and was well predicted by the single cell metabolism parameters (scaled to the cell density in MCLs). These PK (transport) and PD (cytotoxicity) parameters were used to calculate cell killing as a function of distance in anoxic HT29 MCLs after the addition of TPZ to both sides of the MCL. The predicted average cell kill was in good agreement with measured values, which showed much less killing than for single cell suspensions under the same conditions. The success of this PK/PD model in predicting response in MCL shows that inefficient transport, rather than changes in intrinsic sensitivity, is responsible for TPZ resistance in these three-dimensional cell cultures and suggests that optimization of transport properties is a high priority in developing second-generation TPZ analogues.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				O. Tredan, C. M. Galmarini, K. Patel, and I. F. Tannock Drug Resistance and the Solid Tumor Microenvironment J Natl Cancer Inst, October 3, 2007; 99(19): 1441 - 1454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. V. Patterson, D. M. Ferry, S. J. Edmunds, Y. Gu, R. S. Singleton, K. Patel, S. M. Pullen, K. O. Hicks, S. P. Syddall, G. J. Atwell, et al. Mechanism of Action and Preclinical Antitumor Activity of the Novel Hypoxia-Activated DNA Cross-Linking Agent PR-104 Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2007; 13(13): 3922 - 3932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. O. Hicks, F. B. Pruijn, T. W. Secomb, M. P. Hay, R. Hsu, J. M. Brown, W. A. Denny, M. W. Dewhirst, and W. R. Wilson Use of three-dimensional tissue cultures to model extravascular transport and predict in vivo activity of hypoxia-targeted anticancer drugs. J Natl Cancer Inst, August 16, 2006; 98(16): 1118 - 1128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Emmenegger, G. C. Morton, G. Francia, Y. Shaked, M. Franco, A. Weinerman, S. Man, and R. S. Kerbel Low-Dose Metronomic Daily Cyclophosphamide and Weekly Tirapazamine: A Well-Tolerated Combination Regimen with Enhanced Efficacy That Exploits Tumor Hypoxia Cancer Res., February 1, 2006; 66(3): 1664 - 1674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. A. Kunz-Schughart, J. P. Freyer, F. Hofstaedter, and R. Ebner The Use of 3-D Cultures for High-Throughput Screening: The Multicellular Spheroid Model J Biomol Screen, June 1, 2004; 9(4): 273 - 285. [Abstract] [PDF]

				B. G. Siim, F. B. Pruijn, J. R. Sturman, A. Hogg, M. P. Hay, J. M. Brown, and W. R. Wilson Selective Potentiation of the Hypoxic Cytotoxicity of Tirapazamine by Its 1-N-Oxide Metabolite SR 4317 Cancer Res., January 15, 2004; 64(2): 736 - 742. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]