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The CC Chemokine MCP-1/CCL2 in Pancreatic Cancer Progression

Regulation of Expression and Potential Mechanisms of Antimalignant Activity¹

Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery II, Fondazione Centro S Raffaele del Monte Tabor, 20132 Milan [P. M., L. P.]; Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan [B. E. L.]; Department of Immunology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Milan [F. M., P. A.]; Department of Surgery II, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan [G. B., A. Z., F. S., F. P., V. D. C.]; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova [C. P.]; and Epidemiology Unit, Scientific Institute H San Raffaele, Milan [G. C.], Italy

The aim of this study was to discover whether MCP-1/CCL2, a CC chemokine able to attract macrophages, is expressed in human pancreatic cancer and how it modulates cancer progression. All primary tumors were tested, and 6 of 14 pancreatic cancer cell lines were constitutively secreted CCL2. Analysis of the regulation demonstrated that the expression of CCL2 was significantly elevated and in a synergistic manner by IFN-, tumor necrosis factor , and interleukin 1ß. By immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, CCL2 production was confirmed in neoplastic ducts from surgical specimens. Serum levels of CCL2 in pancreatic cancer patients were significantly higher than in normal healthy subjects (P < 0.0001). Patients with high circulating levels of CCL2 had significantly higher survival rate than low CCL2 producers. Serum CCL2 levels positively correlated with tumor macrophage infiltration and inversely correlated with tumor proliferative activity (Ki67 expression). A direct effect of CCL2 on tumor cells is to be excluded, either because primary tumors as well as cell lines have no detectable CCL2 receptor (CCR2) and because addition of CCL2 on tumor cells in vitro did not modify cell cycle progression or apoptosis. In vitro, a model of tumor microenvironment showed a direct antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity of monocytes toward pancreatic cancer cell, which is mediated at least in part by interleukin 1ß. Moreover, other proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor and IFN- appeared able to induce apoptosis and to reduce the proliferative rate of pancreatic cancer. On the whole, the results presented in our investigation suggest that CCL2 could be a relevant negative regulator of pancreatic cancer progression.

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