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[Cancer Research 63, 756-759, February 15, 2003]
© 2003 American Association for Cancer Research

Advances in Brief

Constitutive Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation in Melanoma Is Mediated by Both BRAF Mutations and Autocrine Growth Factor Stimulation1

Kapaettu Satyamoorthy2, Gang Li2, Michelle R. Gerrero, Marcia S. Brose, Patricia Volpe, Barbara L. Weber, Patricia van Belle, David E. Elder and Meenhard Herlyn3

Wistar Institute [K. S., G. L., M. H.]; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center [M. R. G., M. S. B., P. V., B. L. W.]; and Anatomic Pathology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania [P. v. B., D. E. E.], Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104

Dysregulated activation of Ras or its downstream effectors such as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and ERK has been shown to play a critical role in tumorigenesis of many cancer types. However, in melanoma, activating mutations in Ras are rarely observed and are limited to N-Ras in UV-exposed cells. In this study, we identify constitutively activated ERK in almost all melanoma cell lines and in tumor tissues tested, which is in contrast to normal melanocytes and several early stage radial growth phase melanoma lines where ERK can be activated by serum or growth factors. Constitutive activation of ERK is preceded by phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and c-RAF. In all of the melanoma cell lines tested, Ras is constitutively activated without underlying mutations. On the contrary, activating mutations in the kinase domain of BRAF are present in the majority of the cell lines tested. Furthermore, ERK activation can be partially inhibited from the cell surface using inhibitors of fibroblast growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor but not interleukin 8 signaling pathways. These data suggest that melanoma growth, invasion, and metastasis are attributable to constitutively activated ERK apparently mediated by excessive growth factors through autocrine mechanisms and BRAF kinase activation.




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J. Med. Genet., April 1, 2004; 41(4): 270 - 272.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 The OncologistHome page
C. Perlis and M. Herlyn
Recent Advances in Melanoma Biology
Oncologist, April 1, 2004; 9(2): 182 - 187.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
M. Shinozaki, A. Fujimoto, D. L. Morton, and D. S. B. Hoon
Incidence of BRAF Oncogene Mutation and Clinical Relevance for Primary Cutaneous Melanomas
Clin. Cancer Res., March 1, 2004; 10(5): 1753 - 1757.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cancer Res.Home page
A. Bagnato, L. Rosano, F. Spinella, V. Di Castro, R. Tecce, and P. G. Natali
Endothelin B Receptor Blockade Inhibits Dynamics of Cell Interactions and Communications in Melanoma Cell Progression
Cancer Res., February 15, 2004; 64(4): 1436 - 1443.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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K. M. Eisenmann, M. W. VanBrocklin, N. A. Staffend, S. M. Kitchen, and H.-M. Koo
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway-Dependent Tumor-Specific Survival Signaling in Melanoma Cells through Inactivation of the Proapoptotic Protein Bad
Cancer Res., December 1, 2003; 63(23): 8330 - 8337.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
K. Jorgensen, R. Holm, G. M. Maelandsmo, and V. A. Florenes
Expression of Activated Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1/2 in Malignant Melanomas: Relationship with Clinical Outcome
Clin. Cancer Res., November 1, 2003; 9(14): 5325 - 5331.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cancer Res.Home page
D. Rimoldi, S. Salvi, D. Lienard, F. J. Lejeune, D. Speiser, L. Zografos, and J.-C. Cerottini
Lack of BRAF Mutations in Uveal Melanoma
Cancer Res., September 15, 2003; 63(18): 5712 - 5715.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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S. R. Conner, G. Scott, and A. E. Aplin
Adhesion-dependent Activation of the ERK1/2 Cascade Is By-passed in Melanoma Cells
J. Biol. Chem., September 5, 2003; 278(36): 34548 - 34554.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cancer Res.Home page
S. R. Hingorani, M. A. Jacobetz, G. P. Robertson, M. Herlyn, and D. A. Tuveson
Suppression of BRAFV599E in Human Melanoma Abrogates Transformation
Cancer Res., September 1, 2003; 63(17): 5198 - 5202.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
R. Kumar, S. Angelini, K. Czene, I. Sauroja, M. Hahka-Kemppinen, S. Pyrhonen, and K. Hemminki
BRAF Mutations in Metastatic Melanoma: A Possible Association with Clinical Outcome
Clin. Cancer Res., August 1, 2003; 9(9): 3362 - 3368.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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A. Gorden, I. Osman, W. Gai, D. He, W. Huang, A. Davidson, A. N. Houghton, K. Busam, and D. Polsky
Analysis of BRAF and N-RAS Mutations in Metastatic Melanoma Tissues
Cancer Res., July 15, 2003; 63(14): 3955 - 3957.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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