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Epidemiology and Prevention |
1 Division of Urology and 2 Department of Pathology, Sunnybrook and Women’s College Health Sciences Centre; and 3 Division of Urology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
The development of chemopreventive agents against prostate cancer would benefit from conclusive evidence of their efficacy in animal models that emulate human disease. To date there has been little in vivo evidence supporting their preventive capabilities. The 12T-10 Lady transgenic model spontaneously develops localized prostatic adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine cancer followed by metastases, recapitulating the natural history of human prostate cancer in many respects. Using male Lady version of the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate mice, we show that administration of antioxidants (vitamin E, selenium, and lycopene) in the diet dramatically inhibits prostate cancer development and increases the disease free survival. Treatment of animals with the antioxidants resulted in a 4-fold reduction in the incidence of prostate cancer compared with the untreated animals. Prostate cancer developed in 73.68% (14 of 19) and 100% (19 of 19) of the animals from the standard and high fat diet, respectively. In contrast, only 10.53% (2 of 19) and 15.79% (3 of 19; P < 0.0001) of the animals in the standard and high fat diets supplemented with antioxidants developed tumors. The micronutrients were well tolerated with no evidence of antioxidant-related toxicity. Histopathological analysis confirmed absence of cancer in the additive treated groups. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a strong correlation between disease-free state and increased levels of the prognostic marker p27Kip1 and a marked decrease in proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. These observations provide support for the chemopreventive effect of these micronutrients and some clues as to their mechanism of action.
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