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Expression of Focal Adhesion Kinase in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Is Associated with Enhanced Blast Migration, Increased Cellularity, and Poor Prognosis

Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ¹ Unité 563, Département d’Oncogenèse et Signalisation Cellulaire dans les Cellules Hématopoïétiques, Institut Fédératif de Recherche (IFR)30, ² Unité 558, Toulouse, France, and ³ Service de Traumatologie, ⁴ Service d’Hématologie Clinique, and ⁵ Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, Toulouse, France

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase playing an important role in cell motility and survival. However, very little is known about FAK in normal and leukemic myeloid cells. In this study, FAK protein expression and mRNA were detected in 25 of 60 cases (42%) of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Whereas FAK was expressed in 46% of CD34⁺ AML cells, it was not detected in normal purified CD34⁺ cells. Conversely, the FAK homologue proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) was found to be expressed both in normal and leukemic myeloid cells. When expressed, FAK displayed phosphorylation on Tyr-397, an important step for its activation. Moreover, FAK expression was correlated with the phosphorylation of PYK2 on Tyr-881, a critical site for the PYK2 function in cell migration. FAK⁺ AML cells displayed significantly higher migration capacities and resistance to daunorubicin, compared with FAK^– cells. The implication of FAK in both cell motility and drug resistance was demonstrated by small interfering RNA experiments with the FAK-positive KG1 cell line. However, adhesion on fibronectin efficiently protected FAK^– AML cells from daunorubicin-mediated killing, suggesting that cellular adhesion mediated-drug resistance is not mediated by FAK. Finally, in a retrospective cohort of 60 AML patients, FAK expression was significantly correlated with high blast cell count, early death, and shorter survival rate. Altogether, this study shows that FAK is aberrantly expressed and activated in about half of the cases of AML and suggests that FAK may contribute to the regulation of AML cell transit from the marrow to blood compartment and that it may influence clinical outcome.

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