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Cell and Tumor Biology |
1 AntiCancer, Inc., and 2 Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California; 3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa; 4 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa; and 5 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
Requests for reprints: Robert M. Hoffman, AntiCancer, Inc., 7917 Ostrow Street, San Diego, CA 92111. Phone: 858-654-2555; Fax: 858-268-4175; E-mail: all{at}anticancer.com.
The mechanism of cancer cell deformation and migration in narrow vessels is incompletely understood. In order to visualize the cytoplasmic and nuclear dynamics of cells migrating in capillaries, red fluorescent protein was expressed in the cytoplasm, and green fluorescent protein, linked to histone H2B, was expressed in the nucleus of cancer cells. Immediately after the cells were injected in the heart of nude mice, a skin flap on the abdomen was made. With a color CCD camera, we could observe highly elongated cancer cells and nuclei in capillaries in the skin flap in living mice. The migration velocities of the cancer cells in the capillaries were measured by capturing images of the dual-color fluorescent cells over time. The cells and nuclei in the capillaries elongated to fit the width of these vessels. The average length of the major axis of the cancer cells in the capillaries increased to approximately four times their normal length. The nuclei increased their length 1.6 times in the capillaries. Cancer cells in capillaries over 8 µm in diameter could migrate up to 48.3 µm/hour. The data suggests that the minimum diameter of capillaries where cancer cells are able to migrate is approximately 8 µm. The use of the dual-color cancer cells differentially labeled in the cytoplasm and nucleus and associated fluorescent imaging provide a powerful tool to understand the mechanism of cancer cell migration and deformation in small vessels.
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