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Vascular Targeting and Antiangiogenesis Agents Induce Drug Resistance Effector GRP78 within the Tumor Microenvironment

¹ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and ² USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California; ³ MannKind Corporation, Valencia, California; and ⁴ Cancer Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland

Requests for reprints: Amy S. Lee, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Room 5308, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, MC-9176, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9176. Phone: 323-865-0507; Fax: 323-865-0094; E-mail: amylee{at}hsc.usc.edu.

Therapeutic targeting of the tumor vasculature that destroys preexisting blood vessels of the tumor and antiangiogenesis therapy capitalize on the requirement of tumor cells on an intact vascular supply for oxygen and nutrients for growth, expansion and metastasis to the distal organs. Whereas these classes of agents show promise in delaying tumor progression, they also create glucose and oxygen deprivation conditions within the tumor that could trigger unintended prosurvival responses. The glucose-regulated protein GRP78, a major endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, is inducible by severe glucose depletion, anoxia, and acidosis. Here we report that in a xenograft model of human breast cancer, treatment with the vascular targeting agent, combretastatin A4P, or the antiangiogenic agent, contortrostatin, promotes transcriptional activation of the Grp78 promoter and elevation of GRP78 protein in surviving tumor cells. We further show that GRP78 is overexpressed in a panel of human breast cancer cells that has developed resistance to a variety of drug treatment regimens. Suppression of GRP78 through the use of lentiviral vector expressing small interfering RNA sensitizes human breast cancer cells to etoposide-mediated cell death. Our studies imply that antivascular and antiangiogenesis therapy that results in severe glucose and oxygen deprivation will induce GRP78 expression that could lead to drug resistance.

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