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Cell and Tumor Biology |
1 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; 2 Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and 3 Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical School, Tianjin, China
Requests for reprints: Evan T. Keller, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Room 5304 CCGCB, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0940. Phone: 734-615-0280; Fax: 734-936-9220; E-mail: etkeller{at}umich.edu.
Prostate cancer frequently metastasizes to bone where it forms osteoblastic lesions through unknown mechanisms. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are mediators of skeletal formation. Prostate cancer produces a variety of BMPs, including BMP-6. We tested the hypothesis that BMP-6 contributes to prostate cancer–induced osteosclerosis at bone metastatic sites. Prostate cancer cells and clinical tissues produced BMP-6 that increased with aggressiveness of the tumor. Prostate cancer-conditioned medium induced SMAD phosphorylation in the preosteoblast MC3T3 cells, and phosphorylation was diminished by anti–BMP-6 antibody. Prostate cancer-conditioned medium induced mineralization of MC3T3 cells, which was blocked by both the BMP inhibitor noggin and anti–BMP-6. Human fetal bones were implanted in severe combined immunodeficient mice and after 4 weeks, LuCaP 23.1 prostate cancer cells were injected both s.c. and into the bone implants. Anti–BMP-6 or isotype antibody administration was then initiated. Anti–BMP-6 reduced LuCaP 23.1–induced osteoblastic activity, but had no effect on its osteolytic activity. This was associated with increased osteoblast numbers and osteoblast activity based on bone histomorphometric evaluation. As endothelin-1 has been implicated in bone metastases, we measured serum endothelin-1 levels but found they were not different among the treatment groups. In addition to decreased bone production, anti–BMP-6 reduced intraosseous, but not s.c., tumor size. We found that BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, and BMP-7 had no direct effect on prostate cancer cell growth, but BMP-2 and BMP-6 increased the in vitro invasive ability of prostate cancer cell. These data show that prostate cancer promotes osteoblastic activity through BMP-6 and that, in addition to its bone effects, suggest that BMPs promote the ability of the prostate cancer cells to invade the bone microenvironment.
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