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Mutation of the PIK3CA Gene in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

¹ Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of Porto University, Porto, Portugal; ² Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Universita "Federico II" di Napoli/Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; ³ Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Oviedo University; ⁴ Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias; ⁵ Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; and ⁶ Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Requests for reprints: Ginesa García-Rostán, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of Porto University, Rua Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal. Phone: 351-22-557-0700; Fax: 351-22-557-0799; E-mail: grostan{at}ipatimup.pt.

The phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) pathway is frequently activated in thyroid carcinomas through the constitutive activation of stimulatory molecules (e.g., Ras) and/or the loss of expression and/or function of the inhibitory PTEN protein that results in Akt activation. Recently, it has been reported that somatic mutations within the PI3K catalytic subunit, PIK3CA, are common (25-40%) among colorectal, gastric, breast, ovarian cancers, and high-grade brain tumors. Moreover, PIK3CA mutations have a tendency to cluster within the helical (exon 9) and the kinase (exon 20) domains. In this study, 13 thyroid cancer cell lines, 80 well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas of follicular (WDFC) and papillary (WDPC) type, and 70 anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (ATC) were investigated, by PCR-direct sequencing, for activating PIK3CA mutations at exons 9 and 20. Nonsynonymous somatic mutations were found in 16 ATC (23%), two WDFC (8%), and one WDPC (2%). In 18 of the 20 ATC cases showing coexisting differentiated carcinoma, mutations, when present, were restricted to the ATC component and located primarily within the kinase domain. Three cell lines of papillary and follicular lineage (K1, K2, and K5) were also found mutated. In addition, activation of Akt was observed in most of the ATC harboring PIK3CA mutations. These findings indicate that mutant PIK3CA is likely to function as an oncogene among ATC and less frequently well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas. The data also argue for a role of PIK3CA targeting in the treatment of ATC patients.

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