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The p53 Tumor Suppressor Network Is a Key Responder to Microenvironmental Components of Chronic Inflammatory Stress

¹ Laboratories of Human Carcinogenesis, ² Molecular Pharmacology, and ³ Experimental and Computational Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; ⁴ Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina; and ⁵ First Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany

Requests for reprints: Curtis C. Harris, Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Room 3068, MSC 4255, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255. Phone: 301-496-2048; Fax: 301-496-0497; E-mail: curtis_harris{at}nih.gov.

Activation of the p53 network plays a central role in the inflammatory stress response associated with ulcerative colitis and may modulate cancer risk in patients afflicted with this chronic disease. Here, we describe the gene expression profiles associated with four microenvironmental components of the inflammatory response (NO, H₂O₂, DNA replication arrest, and hypoxia) that result in p53 stabilization and activation. Isogenic HCT116 and HCT116 TP53^–/– colon cancer cells were exposed to the NO donor Sper/NO, H₂O₂, hypoxia, or hydroxyurea, and their mRNA was analyzed using oligonucleotide microarrays. Overall, 1,396 genes changed in a p53-dependent manner (P < 0.001), with the majority representing a "unique" profile for each condition. Only 14 genes were common to all four conditions. Included were eight known p53 target genes. Hierarchical sample clustering distinguished early (1 and 4 hours) from late responses (8, 12, and 24 hours), and each treatment was differentiated from the others. Overall, NO and hypoxia stimulated similar transcriptional responses. Gene ontology analysis revealed cell cycle as a key feature of stress responses and confirmed the similarity between NO and hypoxia. Cell cycle profiles analyzed by flow cytometry showed that NO and hypoxia induced quiescent S-phase and G₂-M arrest. Using a novel bioinformatic algorithm, we identified several putative p53-responsive elements among the genes induced in a p53-dependent manner, including four [KIAA0247, FLJ12484, p53CSV (HSPC132), and CNK (PLK3)] common to all exposures. In summary, the inflammatory stress response is a complex, integrated biological network in which p53 is a key molecular node regulating gene expression.

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