This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Cross, A. J. Articles by Sinha, R. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Cross, A. J. Articles by Sinha, R.

A Prospective Study of Meat and Meat Mutagens and Prostate Cancer Risk

¹ Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland; ² Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; ³ Division of Preventive Oncology, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ⁴ Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; and ⁵ Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin

Requests for reprints: Amanda J. Cross, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852. Phone: 301-496-4378; Fax: 301-496-6829; E-mail: crossa{at}mail.nih.gov.

High-temperature cooked meat contains heterocyclic amines, including 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). In rodents, a high intake of PhIP induces prostate tumors. We prospectively investigated the association between meat and meat mutagens, specifically PhIP, and prostate cancer risk in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Diet was assessed using a 137-item food frequency questionnaire and a detailed meat-cooking questionnaire linked to a database for BaP and the heterocyclic amines 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-b]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx), and PhIP. During follow-up, we ascertained a total of 1,338 prostate cancer cases among 29,361 men; of these, 868 were incident cases (diagnosed after the first year of follow-up) and 520 were advanced cases (stage III or IV or a Gleason score of 7). Total, red, or white meat intake was not associated with prostate cancer risk. More than 10 g/d of very well done meat, compared with no consumption, was associated with a 1.4-fold increased risk of prostate cancer [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.05-1.92] and a 1.7-fold increased risk (95% CI, 1.19-2.40) of incident disease. Although there was no association with MeIQx and DiMeIQx, the highest quintile of PhIP was associated with a 1.2-fold increased risk of prostate cancer (95% CI, 1.01-1.48) and a 1.3-fold increased risk of incident disease (95% CI, 1.01-1.61). In conclusion, very well done meat was positively associated with prostate cancer risk. In addition, this study lends epidemiologic support to the animal studies, which have implicated PhIP as a prostate carcinogen. (Cancer Res 2005; 65(24): 11779-84)

This article has been cited by other articles:

				R. Sinha, Y. Park, B. I. Graubard, M. F. Leitzmann, A. Hollenbeck, A. Schatzkin, and A. J. Cross Meat and Meat-related Compounds and Risk of Prostate Cancer in a Large Prospective Cohort Study in the United States Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1, 2009; 170(9): 1165 - 1177. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Koutros, S. I. Berndt, R. Sinha, X. Ma, N. Chatterjee, M. C.R. Alavanja, T. Zheng, W.-Y. Huang, R. B. Hayes, and A. J. Cross Xenobiotic Metabolizing Gene Variants, Dietary Heterocyclic Amine Intake, and Risk of Prostate Cancer Cancer Res., March 1, 2009; 69(5): 1877 - 1884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. A. Rybicki, C. Neslund-Dudas, C. H. Bock, A. Rundle, A. T. Savera, J. J. Yang, N. L. Nock, and D. Tang Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-DNA Adducts in Prostate and Biochemical Recurrence after Prostatectomy Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2008; 14(3): 750 - 757. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Koutros, A. J. Cross, D. P. Sandler, J. A. Hoppin, X. Ma, T. Zheng, M. C.R. Alavanja, and R. Sinha Meat and Meat Mutagens and Risk of Prostate Cancer in the Agricultural Health Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2008; 17(1): 80 - 87. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K. Creton, H. Zhu, and N. J. Gooderham The Cooked Meat Carcinogen 2-Amino-1-Methyl-6-Phenylimidazo[4,5-b]Pyridine Activates the Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Cancer Res., December 1, 2007; 67(23): 11455 - 11462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. Turesky, J.-M. Yuan, R. Wang, S. Peterson, and M. C. Yu Tobacco Smoking and Urinary Levels of 2-Amino-9H-Pyrido[2,3-b]Indole in Men of Shanghai, China Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2007; 16(8): 1554 - 1560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Li, R. S. Day, M. L. Bondy, R. Sinha, N. T. Nguyen, D. B. Evans, J. L. Abbruzzese, and M. M. Hassan Dietary Mutagen Exposure and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2007; 16(4): 655 - 661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Tang, J. J. Liu, A. Rundle, C. Neslund-Dudas, A. T. Savera, C. H. Bock, N. L. Nock, J. J. Yang, and B. A. Rybicki Grilled Meat Consumption and PhIP-DNA Adducts in Prostate Carcinogenesis Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2007; 16(4): 803 - 808. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Nakai, W. G. Nelson, and A. M. De Marzo The Dietary Charred Meat Carcinogen 2-Amino-1-Methyl-6-Phenylimidazo[4,5-b]Pyridine Acts as Both a Tumor Initiator and Promoter in the Rat Ventral Prostate Cancer Res., February 1, 2007; 67(3): 1378 - 1384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. J. Butcher, N. L. Tetlow, C. Cheung, G. M. Broadhurst, and R. F. Minchin Induction of Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Type I by Androgens in Human Prostate Cancer Cells Cancer Res., January 1, 2007; 67(1): 85 - 92. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. J Weinstein, R. Stolzenberg-Solomon, P. Pietinen, P. R Taylor, J. Virtamo, and D. Albanes Dietary factors of one-carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2006; 84(4): 929 - 935. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]