This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Mori, T. Articles by Hoon, D. S.B. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Mori, T. Articles by Hoon, D. S.B.

Epigenetic Up-regulation of C-C Chemokine Receptor 7 and C-X-C Chemokine Receptor 4 Expression in Melanoma Cells

Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California

Requests for reprints: Dave S.B. Hoon, Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, 2200 Santa Monica Boulevard, Santa Monica, CA 90404. Phone: 310-449-5267; Fax: 310-449-5282. E-mail: hoon{at}jwci.org.

Histone deacetylation and DNA methylation establish epigenetic modifications, which through chromatin remodeling may result in gene silencing. We hypothesized that chemokine receptors C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) on melanoma cells undergo epigenetic regulation. We investigated whether a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a demethylating agent influence CCR7 and CXCR4 expression on melanoma cells. Initially, microarray analysis was done to screen changes in chemokine receptor expression on melanoma cells after treatment with trichostatin A (TSA) and 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-Aza). CCR7 and CXCR4 mRNA expression were uniformly altered and selected for further investigation. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis were used to assess changes in mRNA and protein expression induced by TSA and 5-Aza in melanoma lines. Cell migration assays were conducted to assess the effects of altered CCR7 and CXCR4 expression on cell function. Treatment with TSA or 5-Aza increased gene expression of both CCR7 and CXCR4 in melanoma lines. TSA was the strongest enhancer. With combined treatment, CCR7 and CXCR4 mRNA expression was also up-regulated. Immunohistochemistry after combined treatment showed enhanced staining of both CCR7 and CXCR4 compared with control cells. Melanoma cell migration in TSA- and 5-Aza-treated cells was 7- and 2-fold higher than control cells for CCR7 and CXCR4, respectively. In summary, a histone deacetylase inhibitor and a demethylating agent up-regulated CCR7 and CXCR4 expression on melanoma cells. This increase in chemokine receptor expression correlated with functional activity. Most importantly, we have identified an epigenetic mechanism that may endogenously regulate chemokine receptor expression on melanoma cells.

Key Words: CCR7 • CXCR4 • methylation • histone deacetylase inhibitor • melanoma

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. Bogani, V. Ponziani, P. Guglielmelli, C. Desterke, V. Rosti, A. Bosi, M.-C. Le Bousse-Kerdiles, G. Barosi, A. M. Vannucchi, and for the Myeloproliferative Disorders Research Cons Hypermethylation of CXCR4 Promoter in CD34+ Cells from Patients with Primary Myelofibrosis Stem Cells, August 1, 2008; 26(8): 1920 - 1930. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. F. Amersi, A. M. Terando, Y. Goto, R. A. Scolyer, J. F. Thompson, A. N. Tran, M. B. Faries, D. L. Morton, and D. S.B. Hoon Activation of CCR9/CCL25 in Cutaneous Melanoma Mediates Preferential Metastasis to the Small Intestine Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2008; 14(3): 638 - 645. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. K. Pulukuri, B. Gorantla, and J. S. Rao Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase Activity Promotes Invasion of Human Cancer Cells through Activation of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator J. Biol. Chem., December 7, 2007; 282(49): 35594 - 35603. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. F.G. de Maat, C. J.H. van de Velde, N. Umetani, P. de Heer, H. Putter, A. Q. van Hoesel, G. A. Meijer, N. C. van Grieken, P. J.K. Kuppen, A. J. Bilchik, et al. Epigenetic Silencing of Cyclooxygenase-2 Affects Clinical Outcome in Gastric Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., November 1, 2007; 25(31): 4887 - 4894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Shi, Y. Zhao, T. Ishii, W. Hu, S. Sozer, W. Zhang, E. Bruno, V. Lindgren, M. Xu, and R. Hoffman Effects of Chromatin-Modifying Agents on CD34+ Cells from Patients with Idiopathic Myelofibrosis Cancer Res., July 1, 2007; 67(13): 6417 - 6424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Kryczek, S. Wei, E. Keller, R. Liu, and W. Zou Stroma-derived factor (SDF-1/CXCL12) and human tumor pathogenesis Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, March 1, 2007; 292(3): C987 - C995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Uchida, T. Maruyama, M. Ono, K. Ohta, T. Kajitani, H. Masuda, T. Nagashima, T. Arase, H. Asada, and Y. Yoshimura Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Stimulate Cell Migration in Human Endometrial Adenocarcinoma Cells through Up-Regulation of Glycodelin Endocrinology, February 1, 2007; 148(2): 896 - 902. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Wilson, J. Burchell, and M. J. Grimshaw Endothelins Induce CCR7 Expression by Breast Tumor Cells via Endothelin Receptor A and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Cancer Res., December 15, 2006; 66(24): 11802 - 11807. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. E. Harvell, J. K. Richer, D. C. Allred, C. A. Sartorius, and K. B. Horwitz Estradiol Regulates Different Genes in Human Breast Tumor Xenografts Compared with the Identical Cells in Culture Endocrinology, February 1, 2006; 147(2): 700 - 713. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]