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Gene Amplification Is a Mechanism of Six1 Overexpression in Breast Cancer

Departments of ¹ Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, ² Obstetrics and Gynecology, and ³ Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado and ⁴ Discipline of Pathology, University of Campinas Dental School, Piracicaba, Säo Paolo, Brazil

Requests for reprints: Haide L. Ford, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Basic Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Fitzsimons Campus, Mail stop 8309, PO BOX 6511, Aurora, CO 80045. Phone: 303-724-3509; Fax: 303-724-3512; E-mail: heide.ford{at}uchsc.edu.

The Six1 homeoprotein plays a critical role in expanding progenitor populations during normal development via its stimulation of proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. Overexpression of Six1 is observed in several tumor types, suggesting that when expressed out of context, Six1 may contribute to tumorigenesis by reinstating properties normally conveyed on developing cells. Indeed, Six1 contributes to tumor cell proliferation both in breast cancer and in rhabdomyosarcomas, in which it is also implicated in metastasis. Whereas Six1 overexpression has been reported in several tumor types, the mechanism responsible for its overexpression has not previously been examined. Here we show that a change in gene dosage may contribute to Six1 mRNA overexpression. Significant Six1 gene amplification and overrepresentation occurs in numerous breast cancer cell lines as compared with normal mammary epithelial cells, and the changes in gene dosage correlate with increased Six1 mRNA levels. Of 214 human infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas examined for Six1 gene dosage, 4.7% show Six1 amplification/overrepresentation, and tumors that exhibit an increase in Six1 gene dosage overexpress Six1 mRNA. These data implicate Six1 gene amplification/overrepresentation as a mechanism of Six1 mRNA overexpression in human breast cancer.

Key Words: Six1 • homeobox genes • breast cancer • gene amplification • gene overrepresentation • overexpression

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